BY:
Lauren Mangiafreno
Keira Radin
Amanda Guthrie
Stephanie Moy
Robert E. Lee

 Having Henry “Light-Horse Harry” Lee, a Revolutionary
War Hero as his father, Robert had war in his blood.
 Robert Edward Lee attended The United States Military
Academy at West Point and graduated in the class of 1829.
 Lee served as a superintendent of West point from 1852 to
1855. Here he educated many of the men that eventually
would serve under his rule or opposed him, during the Civil
War.
 Robert married his wife Mary Anna Randolph Custis, a
descendent of George Washington in 1831.
Lee Declines

 Robert was born in Stratford Hall, Virginia; so when
the state of Virginia seceded from the United States
on April 17th, Robert declined Lincoln’s offering of
commanding the Federal forces and accepted a
general’s commission in the newly formed
Confederate Army.
 * His reasoning: He could not fight against his own
people.
Lee’s Confederate
Positions

 Lee started off by being military advisor of the Confederate
President, Jefferson Davis but then in June 1862, he was given
command as a replacement for wounded Johnston.
 Lee renamed his command The Army of Northern Virginia,
and this is where his fame began.
 This newly named Army became the most famous and
successful of all of the Confederate Armies during the Civil
War.

 Lee realized that the only
way for the Confederates to
out rule the Union was to
attack and become
victorious on Northern soil.
 His plan was to launch an
invasion into Maryland. He
hoped that this would shift
the fighting away from
Virginia.
 But Union commander
McClellan discovered these
invasion plans and the
secret attack was out.
 This battle became known as
the Battle of Antietam.
 Even without the element of
surprise was gone, Lee was able
to fight McClellan’s army until
a stalemate.
 Heavy casualties forced Lee to
withdrawal, from this bloodiest
one day battles in American
military history.
 Lee’s withdrawal, was
interpreted as a victory for
Lincoln and was what he
desired before issuing the
Emancipation Proclamation.
 Lee commanded 15,000
 This battle is considered
the most important battle
of the whole civil war.
 Robert E. Lee decided to
march with his Army of
Northern Virginia into
Pennsylvania in late June
1863.
 The Union’s Army of the
Potomac commanded by
General Meade, and
Lee’s army collided in the
town of Gettysburg.
troops to march straight into
the center of enemy grounds
at Cemetery Ridge.
 This march is popularly
called “Pickett’s Charge”.
 Even though this charge
was able to dent the Union’s
lines of soldiers eventually
it failed.
 Lee was forced to retreat
once more because of
thousand rebel casualties.

Pickett’s
Charge
Confederate
Union
Battles
Won/Lost/Surrendered

Battles Won:
1. Chancellorsville
2. Cold Harbor
3. Fredicksburg
4. Spotsylvania
5. The Wilderness
6. Seven Days Battle,
Second Manassas
• He lost at:
1. Gettysburg
2. Petersburg
3. Appomattox
 He fought McClellan’s army
until he had to surrender at:
1. Antietam
Historian’s Thoughts

 Many historians say that Robert E. Lee was the greatest
general of the Civil War. They say that it was lack of men
and material that caused the downfall of the Confederacy
during the war.
 But other historians point out that Lee did have many flaws.
Lee never developed an overall strategy for winning the war,
he also failed to provide proper supplies to his armies.
 His affable and admirable personality and character kept his
soldiers loyal because they idolized Lee.
 People of the North and South ended up admiring Lee as a
person.
 Even in modern times, Lee is an ideal for Southerners and an
overall American hero.
Background

 Graduated from West Point in 1846.
 Began his official military career as a brevet second
lieutenant in the Mexican-American War (where he
first met Robert E. Lee)
 He was promoted to rank of major after many
successful shows of leadership in the war.
 He was a confederate general during the Civil War.
Civil War

 At the war’s outbreak, Jackson was only a colonel of
the Virginia militia and commanded at Harper’s
Ferry.
 He took the title of brigadier general and led troops
in the 1st Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas)
 This battle earned him the nickname “Stonewall”
 After the battle of Bull Run, He earned the title of
major general and was assigned to command in the
Shenandoah Valley
Death
 He was mistakenly shot by his own men and had to get his left arm
amputated
 He died from pneumonia a few days later
 His death was a huge blow to the confederate cause.
 It is believed that if Jackson had lived, the Confederacy may have won
the war.

This is where
Jackson is
buried.
His amputated
arm, however
was buried
separately in a
different
location.
Successful battles

1.
2.
3.
4.
Front Royal
Winchester
Cross Keys
Port Republic
Battle of Front Royal
 The 2 major engagement of Jackson

 Jackson united his own forces and divided the forces of his
nd
enemies at the Front Royal by using valley topography
and mobility

 Born: Hiram Ulysses Grant on April 27 , 1822 in Point Pleasant,
Ohio to Jesse Root Grant and Hannah Grant.
 His father was a tanner, businessman, and a Whig with
abolitionist sentiments.
 One of six children.
 When Grant was young he developed a way with horses and
became known as a capable horseman, which he used to his
advantage while at the United States Military Academy.
 He was a small man at 5’1’’ and 117 lbs.
 Spouse: Julia Grant
 Children: Frederick, Ulysses, Ellen, Jesse
 Died July 23, 1885 due to tongue cancer.

 At the age of 17 Grant was nominated to USMA in West
Point, NY by Congressman Thomas L. Hamer.
 While at USMA Grant established a reputation as a
fearless and expert horseman.
 He graduated 21st out of 39 overall in 1843.
 After USMA Grant was assigned managing supplies and
equipment in the fourth infantry with the rank of Brevet
Second Lieutenant.
 Grant disliked military life and military academy and
planned on resigning after fulfilling the minimum term of
obligated duty. He resigned in 1854, under suspicion of
drinking.

 In 1861, when the Civil War started, Grant took an
opportunity to join the Union army.
 "No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender."
 Upon entering the army Grant was a colonel of the 21st
Illinois volunteers, but moved up to eventually become a
general, granted by President Lincoln.
 His first major victory came at Fort Donelson in Tennessee.
This was also the first major victory for the Union.
 With a growing reputation as a tenacious and determined
leader he was soon appointed to Lieutenant General by
President Lincoln and was given command of all U.S.
armies in March of 1864.

 Grant’s constant campaigning wore down the
Confederate General, Robert E. Lee.
 On April 9th 1865 General Robert E. Lee surrendered
at Appomattox Court House in Virginia.
 This ended the Civil War.

 Fort Donelson
 Grant combined the Navy and Army to claim this fort, in which his
old friend and Confederate general Simon Bolivar Buckner surrende
after six days days.
 Battle of Shiloh
 Battle of Vicksburg
 carried out as the largest American amphibious operation prior to
World War II.
 Battle of Chattanooga
 Battle of Spotsylvania
 Overland Campaign
 a murderous fest of battles that took the federals from Northern
Virginia to the gates of Richmond. Grant lost 17,000 men in this event
and it lasted 3 days.
 Grant never lost a battle

 After the civil war Grant was a national hero. He was
named the first Four Star General in American history, by
President Johnson.
 By 1867 there were problems in Congress between
President Johnson and the Radical Republicans and
Johnson took control by removing, his most vocal critic,
Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and replaced him with
Grant.
 Johnson was charged with violation of the Tenure of
Office Act and was later impeached, but acquitted by one
vote

 As an American hero Grant was elected to represent
the Republican side in 1868 in the 21st Presidential
Election.
 Grant won, beating Horatio Seymour, and became
the 18th President of the Untied States.
 Electoral vote: 214-80
 States carried: 26-8
 Popular vote: 3,013,421 - 2,706,829
 Percentage: 52.7% - 47.3%


 Grant served two terms as president.
 During his time as president major events that he dealt
with were Reconstruction, Transcontinental railroad
completion, Black Friday Scandal involving James Fisk
and Jay Gould, Fifteenth Amendment ratified, Credit
Mobilier Scandal, Panic of 1873, Whiskey Ring Scandal,
Belknap Bribery Scandal, and Battle of Little Bighorn.
 After his time as president he spent two years on a world
tour traveling to different countries and speaking with
foreign leaders.
 He returned to the states and attempted for a 3rd term in
office, but lost by a unanimous decision to James A.
Garfield.

 Historian John Moser has suggested that there are two talents
that Grant possessed that made him such an accomplished
general. (1)He could draw, (2) he was extremely good at
math.
 Using these talents Moser says Grant was capable of
reviewing a battlefield and seeing it in three dimension and
was able to plan his maneuvers off of this.
 He also suggests that with his math background Grant was
able to calculate opposing numbers, supplies and logistics.
 Some other historians also state, in the 1868 election, if all
southern white men were allowed to vote the election would
have either been a really close tie or Grant would have lost.
General William T. Sherman

Style of fighting: Total Warfare
He was a strategist and forceful leader
praised by historians
Succeeded Grant as commander in chief in
1869 and remained until 1883
Frequently talked of as an expected
Republican nominee for president
"I will not accept if nominated
and will not serve if elected."
29
Military Career

 His military career has not
always been outstanding
 As commanding general of the Department of
Cumberland in 1861-1862
 he often feuded with the press, displayed emotional
problems, and suffered accusations of insanity.
March to the Sea

Commanded the Union armies of the West
The most destructive campaign against a civilian population
during the Civil War (1861-65)
Union general William T. Sherman abandoned his supply line and
marched across Georgia to the Atlantic
He led an army of 62,000 men on an overland march to Savanna
Took Savannah on December 21, 1864
Later, turned North for the Carolinas
He led an army of 62,000 men on an overland march to Savanna
Took Savannah on December 21, 1864
Later, turned north for the Carolinas Ocean to prove to the
Confederate population that its government could not protect the
people from invaders.
Sherman’s
Route:

March to the
Sea
“War is hell.”
Result of the March

 Justified Sherman’s strategic expectations
 Destroyed the Confederacy’s ability to carry on the
war
 Destroyed huge amounts of property, but very few
Southerners lost their lives
 Capture of Atlanta: weakened the South
 reached parts of the confederacy the
Confederate government thought could not be
reached
“The utter destruction of Georgia’s roads,
houses and people will cripple their military
resources...I can make Georgia howl!” -William
T. Sherman
“War is cruelty,
and you cannot refine it.”
Work Cited

 http://www.history.com/topics/battle-of-gettysburg
 http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/antietam.html
 http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/biographies/rob
ert-e-lee.html
 http://www.angelfire.com/va3/valleywar/battle/frontroyal.h
tml
 http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/biographies/tho
mas-jackson.html
 http://www.history.com/topics/stonewall-jackson
 http://www.historynet.com/stonewall-jackson
 http://www.historynet.com/ulysses-s-grant
 http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/reconstructio
n/section5.rhtml
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant