Bones Review
How many bones in an average
adult body?
• 206
Bone Functions
• Support:
• Gives shape to structures (head, chest, arms, legs, etc.)
• Bones of the lower limbs, pelvis and vertebral column support the
body’s weight.
• Protection:
• Fused bones of the skull protect your brain and eyes
• Vertebra surround your spinal cord
• Rib cage protects the vital organs of the thorax
• Movement:
• Bones act as sites for attachment (muscles and tendons), allows for
movement
• Mineral and Growth Factor Storage:
• Bone is a reservoir for minerals (calcium and phosphate)
• “deposits” and “withdrawals”
• Blood Cell Formation:
• Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) occurs in the red marrow
• Triglyceride (fat) storage:
• Used as a source of energy
1
2
3
4
Structure of a long Bone
Red Marrow
4
(Hematopoiesis )
2Proximal
epiphysis
Articular
cartilage
Spongy Bone
Epiphyseal
5 line
Periosteum
Compact bone
Medulary6 cavity
Diaphysis
1
Distal
3
epiphysis
Yellow Marrow
7
1. A dense, fibrous membrane
covering bone
2. Contains blood vessels
3. Essential for bone cell survival and
bone formation
Spongy Bone
1
Compact Bone
1
3
4
2
1
2
Classification Of Bones
3
1
2
4
Bone Formation
1
ossification
begins (the mineral matter deposited replaces the cartilage)
1
2
Bone Marrow
• Yellow marrow
– Medullary cavity of long
bones
– Fat storage
• Red marrow – hematopoietic
tissue
– In children – in all spongy
bone
– In adults – in the spongy bone
of the vertebrae, hips,
sternum, ribs, cranial bones,
proximal ends of femur, and
humerus
• 3. Forms red blood cells
(RBCs), platelets, some white
blood cells (WBCs), and
destroys old RBCs and some
foreign materials
• Osteomalacia
– A group of disorders in which bones are
inadequately mineralized
• Rickets
– Analogous disease in children
– More severe (due to rapid bone growth)
– Bowed legs, deformities of the pelvis,
skull & rib cage
– Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet
or by vitamin D deficiency
1
2
Osteoporosis Effects
•
Age
– Older individuals, BMD decreases as we age
– Peek BMD by 25 years old
•
Women
– also happens in men but less often
•
Postmenopausal women
– Reduction of estrogen (sex hormone), estrogen helps to
maintain normal density
– Smoking reduces estrogen
•
Nutrition and Exercise
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–
–
–
•
Race
•
•
•
Diet rich in calcium and protein
Vitamin D
Avoid: caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, sodas,
Weight bearing exercises (walking, jogging, sports)
Caucasian
Asian (petite body form)
Osteoporosis has traditionally been treated with
calcium and vitamin D supplements, weight-bearing
exercise, and hormone (estrogen) replacement
therapy (HRT).
– HRT only slows the loss of bone but does not reverse it.
•
Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and breast cancer is
associated with estrogen replacement therapy
The Skull
1
• Find
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–
–
–
–
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10
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Parietal, left and right
Temporal, left and
right
Nasal
Maxilla (maxillary)
Mandible
Zygomatic
Occipital
Sphenoid
Fontanel
11
2
9
3
8
4
7
6
5
The Ear
• 1. Malleus (2) – the hammer
• 2. Incus (2) – the anvil
• 3. Stapes (2) – the stirrups
2
3
1
Name that bone?
• a U-shaped bone in the neck at the base of the tongue; the only bone that
does not touch another bone, acts as a movable base for the tongue; raise
and lowers the larynx during swallowing and speech
1
Bones of the Vertebral Column
1
2
3
4
5
• Where would
you find the
Axis?
• Which vertebra
can be are
forked?
• Which vertebra
attach to ribs?
• Which are the
largest?
• What is the
name of the
cartilaginous
structure found
between
vertebra?
1
2
6
(x3)
3
4
5
Rib attached to vertebra
costal
cartilage
attaches the
ribs to the
sternum
1
Shoulder girdle
1
4
3
5
2
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
1
4
2
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
Male vs. Female Bones
Male vs. Female
Male vs. Female
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Foot Bone
1
2
Femur
1
2
3
4
5
6