http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=Ns2d
kT2sIug
http://www.you
tube.com/watc
h?v=Vc0LPn1
-vwA
http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=o6uo
g6zt79Y&feature=r
elated
Unit 2 Skeletal System
SC 11.1.1, SC11.2.1,2,3,5
1. List and describe the components of the skeletal system.
2. Describe the components of the connective tissue matrix and state the
function of each.
3. Describe the structure of compact and cancellous bone.
4. Outline the process of bone ossification, growth, remodeling, and repair.
5. Describe the main features of the skull as seen from the lateral, frontal,
internal, and inferior views.
6. Describe the shape of the vertebral column and list its divisions. Describe
the general features of each vertebra and the differences among vertebrae
from each region of the vertebral column.
7. List the bones of the thoracic cage, including the three types of ribs.
8. Name and describe the bones of the pectoral girdle and upper limb.
9. Name and describe the bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb.
10. Be able to properly sex a skeleton.
11. List and describe the various types of joints.
12. Describe the major types of joint movement.
Obj #1:List and describe the
component/functions of the skeletal
system.
5 functions of the skeletal
system:
1. Supporting & protecting soft tissues
2. Attachment site for muscles making
movement possible
3. Storage of the minerals, calcium &
phosphate -- mineral homeostasis
4. Blood cell production occurs in
red bone marrow (hemopoiesis)
5.Energy storage in yellow bone marrow
Interesting Facts About BONE!
Bone is LIVING connective tissue made of many kinds of specialized cells
A human fetus is born with 300 bones but a mature adult human has 206 bones
Men and women have the same number of bones – Women DO NOT have one fewer rib
than men
Our bone is six times stronger than steel if both are of the same weight.
The size of the smallest bone is equivalent to the size of a rice grain.
Of the 206 bones in the skeletal system, 52 of them make both our feet and 27 are in
our hands.
The entire human skeleton replaces itself, bit by bit, all the time to stay healthy and
strong. You essentially have a new skeleton every 2 years.
Teeth are the hardest bones in the skeleton!
The Femur is the largest bone in the skeleton.
Axial Skeleton:
Bones of the Skull, Thoracic cage, and
vertebral column
Includes the
bones of the
shoulders, arms,
pelvis, and legs
http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=PWmAy
4kJDIw&feature=fvst
Teach your partner…
What is the difference between the Axial and
Appendicular skeleton
Pass around bones and have students ID what type they are…
We could play the…
“This is a___________. A What? A __________”
game
HEY! Grab a
femur and teach
one another the
parts of a bone…
Obj #2: Describe the components of
the connective tissue matrix and state
the function of each.
• Bone is a type of connective tissue as seen by
widely spaced cells separated by matrix
• Matrix of 25% water, 25% collagen
fibers(flexibility & tensile strength) & 50%
crystallized mineral salts(hardness)
Obj #3: Describe the structure of
compact and cancellous bone
(Also called
the central
canal)
purpose
See the bone model in class
2 types of bone
marrow:
1.Red – makes RBC’s
2.Yellow – Makes
some WBC’s and
stores fat
Responsible for gas
exchange. O2 for CO2
Responsible for
immunity.
Responsible for blood
clotting
Obj #4: Outline the process of bone
ossification, growth, remodeling, and
repair.
FACT:
If it weren't for ossification, or bone
growth and remodeling, you'd be a soft
mound of blood, water, and flesh as
your bones wear out
Compact bone is a dense layer made up of structural units, or
lacunae, arranged in concentric circles called Haversian
systems (or osteons), each of which has a central, microscopic
Haversian canal. A perpendicular system of Volkmann's canals
penetrate and cross between the Haversian systems, ensuring
circulation into even the hardest bone structure.
http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=4qTiw8lyYbs
The bulbous ends of each long bone, known as the epiphyses (or
singularly as an epiphysis), are made up of spongy, or
cancellous, bone tissue covered by a thin layer of compact bone.
This is where most bone growth occurs.
The diaphysis, or shaft, contains the medullary cavity and blood
cell–producing marrow. A membrane called the periosteum
covers the outer bone to provide nutrients and oxygen, remove
waste, and connect with ligaments and tendons. It also contains
osteoclasts and osteoblasts which form and destroy bone
matrix.
The endosteum is a thin membrane which consists of connective
tissue and lines the medullary cavities. It is highly vascular and
contains osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
Bones grow through the cellular activities of osteoblasts
on the surface of the bone, which produce layers of
mature bone cells called osteocytes. Osteoclasts are
cells that function in the developing fetus to absorb
cartilage as ossification occurs and in adult bone to
break down and remove spent bone tissue.
An easy way to remember the work of osteoblasts,
osteoclasts, and osteocytes is:
Osteoblasts giveth.
Osteoclasts taketh away.
Osteocytes maintaineth.
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=X6E5Rz9tOKE
*Ossification – Growing of bone. Ossification relies on the thyroid hormone
calcitonin, which regulates metabolism of calcium.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6E5Rz9tOKE
Teach your Partner….
the process of bone ossification, growth, remodeling, and repair
using the terms:
Compact
Lacunae
Haversian systems (or osteons),
Haversian canal.
Volkmann's canals
Epiphyses
Metaphysis
spongy, or cancellous,
diaphysis,
medullary cavity
marrow.
periosteum
endosteum
osteoclasts
osteoblasts
Fontanel's – A baby's head needs to
change shape as it squeezes thru the birth
canal and for brain enlargement as the baby
grows. These ossify completely by age 1-3.
Full ossification of the entire human
skeleton does not occur until the age
of 25.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
_med5bz1qgA
Things that make you
go “Huh?”
Rickets is a disorder
caused by a lack of
vitamin D, calcium, or
phosphate. It leads to
softening and
weakening of the bones.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_hP53ew_8Q
http://
www.
youtu
be.co
m/wat
ch?v=
Ukuv
WKQ
njjk
http://
www.
youtu
be.co
m/wa
tch?v
=3v9
cYK
C8cv
U
Arthritis is inflammation of one
or more joints.
Osteoporosis is the thinning of bone tissue and
loss of bone density over time.
Osteoporosis is the most common type of bone disease.
Researchers estimate that about 1 out of 5 American women over the age of 50
have osteoporosis.
About half of all women over the age of 50 will have a fracture of the hip,
wrist, or vertebra (bones of the spine).
Osteoporosis occurs when the body fails to form enough new bone, when too
much old bone is reabsorbed by the body, or both.
Calcium and phosphate are two minerals that are essential for normal bone
formation. Throughout youth, your body uses these minerals to produce bones.
If you do not get enough calcium, or if your body does not absorb enough
calcium from the diet, bone production and bone tissues may suffer.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcsPjTh
U-5Q
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aN8cOTy
Q3A&feature=related
Bone Fractures
http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=nEydeUcNxtI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITwniRKtKwM
Bone Repair
4.
2.
1.
3.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVougiCEg
H8
Teach your neighbor…
How does a bone repair itself after
being broken?
Bone fracture and repair
model activity:
Make a model (not a poster) of the 7 types of
bone fractures we studied. Be sure to label
each type of fracture and provide a short
written description under each that describes
what your model shows.
Due: Friday 9/25
Extra Credit: Make another model showing
the steps in bone repair/growth that we
learned and describe each step.
Test U2O#1-4
Obj #5: Describe the main features of
the skull as seen from the lateral,
frontal, internal, and inferior views.
(OOPS!!!!!)
Functions of the Skull
The skull protects the brain and sense organs, and it also helps
form the facial features.
Features
The adult human skull is made up of 22 bones. Eight large, flat
bones form the cranium, and 14 bones form the face. So the
skull is made up of 2 regions (Cranium and face)
Identification
Forensic anthropologists can identify the race, gender and
approximate age of a skeleton by measuring the skull.
Development
The bones in babies' skulls are not yet fused together, which
allows the skull to change shape slightly during birth. The bones
fuse together around age 2, but the skull continues to grow rapidly
until age 7.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VF1cVAb0J
2Q
European
American Indian
African
MALE
FEMALE
This is a real skull…one of many like it…found
in central America. It is NOT an Alien skull but
a skull of an individual whose head shape was
altered by binding/boarding from birth as part
of a well documented religious/cultural ritual
Mysterious Practice…
Trepanation, or removing a piece of the skull, was practiced in
ancient and even prehistoric times. The reason is not known,
but it may have been a tribal ritual or rudimentary treatment for
brain disorders and brain swelling due to injury.
http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=Vgkrw68K5eM
&feature=related
Phrenology
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80dZ71Km
6_g&feature=related
Say “CHEESE!”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nc5IRj3OJhE
Styloid Process
Mastoid
Process
Auditory Meatus
Know and
understand that
the “holes” in
bone are called
“foramen”
swag Bone
Occipital
Purpose of Foramen of the skull:
Optic Canal/Foramin – Passage of optic nerve to brain
Foramen ovale – Passage of several cranial nerves and some blood vessels
Carotid Canal - Passage of the internal carotid artery (and some nerves) into the
skull
Foramen magnum – Allows the spinal cord to connect to the brain (specifically
the Medulla Oblongata) and also allows several arteries and veins passage into/out
of the brain
Jugular Foramen – Passage of several cranial nerves and some blood vessels
External auditory meatus (also called external acoustic meatus) – forms ear
canal
Infraorbital Foramen – Allows passage of veins/arteries/nerves around the eye
Supraorbital Foramen - Allows passage of veins/arteries/nerves around the eye
and cheek
Mental Foramen - Allows passage of veins/arteries/nerves in mandible
Other structures and their functions:
*Crista Galli – Olfactory nerve passage in bottom of it
(Through the olfactory forminae) responsible for smell
sense
*Sella Turcica – Holds pituitary gland which is
responsible for growth and development and stimulation
of several hormones
*Palatine process of Maxillary bone and Palatine
bone – form the hard pallet (roof of mouth) important for
speech and food consumption
Concussion
A concussion is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) that results from a blow to the head (or
violent shaking) that causes brain movement within the skull, resulting in impaired
neurotransmission, altered blood flow in the brain, and/or damage/swelling of brain
tissue.
It temporarily interferes with the way your brain works, and it can affect memory,
judgment, reflexes, speech, balance, coordination, and sleep patterns.
PRIMARY Symptoms:
1. Altered level/loss of consciousness (drowsy, hard to arouse, or similar
changes)
2. Confusion, feeling spacey, or not thinking straight, memory loss
3. Headache
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Seeing flashing lights
6. Feeling like you have "lost time"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzAyA6z0lbw&feature=related
What is wrong
with this picture?
OUCH!!!
Teach your partner by…
Labeling as many parts of the
skull as you can…on your
partners head!
The Mandible
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_iQHrlkLL
0&feature=fvst
What was I thinking?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmQsBPy5
Lcg&feature=related
*The primary purpose of
teeth is to masticate (chew)
food as an aid to digestion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIgES73
BbDQ
The Hyoid bone is
the only floating
bones in the body
The hyoid bone
provides attachment
to the muscles of
the floor of the
mouth and the
tongue above
It allows for the
production of a wide
range of sounds
that other animals
cannot produce.
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=0jRGvM-J42A
Bones of the
Acicular Chain
1.Stapes
2.Incus
3.Malleus
These bones are
essential for sound
wave transformation
into neural impulses
the brain can
interpret as what we
hear
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stiPMLtjYAw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66rQwoc
HahI
Skull Lab
Working with partners, label the structures we have
studied (the ones with stars next to them) on one of
the classroom skulls
Test/quiz U2O5 – Paper and lab Practical
Obj.#6: Describe the shape of the
vertebral column and list its divisions.
Describe the general features of each
vertebra and the differences among
vertebra from each region of the
vertebral column.
Chair lifting trick
1.Stand three feet away from a wall
2.Bend over and put your head against the
wall
3.Now try to stand up while lifting a chair.
What do you notice????
*HINT - To remember the
number of each type of
vertebrae just think
“Breakfast at 7, Lunch at 12,
Dinner at 5.”
Assuming Charlie Brown is human, what is
wrong with his vertebrae?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0ynFnLD288
Differences between Cervical, Thoracic,
and Lumbar Vertebrae
Cervical – smaller bones support the weight of the head and are flexible to allow a
wide range of head movement; also, the axis is the only vertebra with no vertebral
body
Thoracic – larger bones than in the cervical region; more rigid to provide a
framework for the ribcage and the torso in order to protect the inner organs
Lumbar – largest bones in the spine; support most of the weight of the upper body
and allow for bending, twisting and hip flexion
Cervical vertebrae - allows the neck and head
substantial movement. It also allows the skull to move
up and down, and the upper neck to twist left and right.
Thoracic vertebrae – have transverse processes and
surfaces that articulate with the ribs. Thoracic vertebrae
allows some rotation, but their connection with the rib
cage prevents greater movement.
Lumbar vertebrae – are lower down in the body so they
need to support greater body weight. They allow
considerable forward and backward bending and
extension, moderate side bending, and a small degree
of rotation.
Cervical Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
Inferior articular
facet
Superior
Articular Facet
Vertebral
Foramen
Inferior
Articular
Facet
Vertebral
Notch
The Sacrum -
The sacrum consists of 5 vertebrae, that start out as separate bones
at birth and fuse by adulthood into one bone. It is at the lower portion
of the vertebral column, below the lumbar vertebrae.
The sacrum forms the posterior pelvic wall and strengthens and stabilizes the pelvis.
Joined at the very end of the sacrum are two to four tiny, partially fused vertebrae known
as the coccyx or "tail bone". The coccyx provides slight support for the pelvic
organs but actually is a bone of little use.
Teach your
partner all the
parts of each
type of
vertebrae and
the sacrum!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WID1p_
UJZIM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RukqSL
dbczE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfSkOF_
DAfA
http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=XscoBz
9BoMc&feature=relat
ed
What is the difference?
- Quadriplegia: patient is
unable, or has limited
ability to move all 4 limbs
- Paraplegia: Patient is
unable, or has limited
ability, to move lower limbs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=t
7TNUGTCpEU&feature=endscreen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZMAo
HwmzkE
Obj#7: List the bones of the thoracic
cage, including the three types of ribs.
Pain when you take a deep breath
Pain that gets worse when you press on the
injured area, or when you bend or twist your
body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW0IijZ
EaKw
Vertebral column and
Thoracic cage Lab
Grab an example of all 3 types of
vertebrae, as well as a sacrum, and
label all the parts we learned.
Test/quiz
Obj#8: Name and describe the bones
of the pectoral girdle and upper limb.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qmJ9vMr
k_k
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8SWK
H18FIQ&feature=fvst
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z66CEo
UHgs0
What’s wrong in this picture?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J11EIfiH
MYw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1u7f2A
6k-c&feature=fvwrel
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxqqX2p
DryQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEmHv
_VMe0w
Add next slide to student version!
ARTHRITIS – inflammation of a joint.
TYPES OF ARTHRITIS:
Wear-and-Tear Arthritis
(Osteoarthritis)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Gouty Arthritis
Pseudogout Arthritis
Lupus Arthritis
Spondyloarthropathies
Infectious Arthritis
Hemorrhagic Arthritis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ0TmPrtrvY
Test
Obj #9: Name and describe the bones
of the pelvic girdle and lower limb.
Pelvic Girdle
Things that make you say “eeeeewwwwwwww???”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYwVaK
kRdF4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTIrdGU
175A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q96M0jR
qn7k
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFniNyU
pVKw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngc7GP
ZPFdM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=y
pDI3L74FwA&feature=endscreen
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJGJJO
A1Me0
Lisfrank Fracture
Direct Lisfranc injuries are usually caused by a crush injury, such as
a heavy object falling onto the midfoot, or the foot being run over by
a car or truck, or someone landing on the foot after a fall from a
significant height
Neurofibromatosis Type I
A genetic disorder that cause
extreme deformation of skeletal,
nerve and skin structures. The most
famous sufferer (probably)
was John Merrick a.k.a.
“The Elephant Man”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ye4YTZ
Oq2fk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sF19L00
KbAI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsSJYr
RQxTA&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iNgqdN
zpxo&feature=related
Obj #10: Be able to properly sex a
skeleton.
Mass
In general, male skeletons are larger and heavier than female skeletons. Most experts, however, would say
that skeletal mass alone would not be a very accurate basis for determining whether a particular skeleton is
male or female. There are, after all, tall women and short men. To make the comparison more meaningful,
differentiations of size and weight should be made within the context of racial groups, e.g. Caucasoid male
skeleton versus Caucasoid female skeleton.
Limbs
Another general difference between male and female skeletons can be observed in the limbs. The humerus,
ulna and radius, which are the major bones that comprise most of the arm, are thicker and longer in men.
The phalanges--the bones that comprise the fingers--are also bigger, which is why most men have bigger
hands than women. The same goes for the lower limbs, which are supported by the femur, tibla and fibula
bones--all typically longer in men.
Skull
Male and female skulls also show significant differences in structure. The small bulge at the back of the head
known as the external occipital protuberance is usually more pronounced in men. The male jawbone or
mandible is typically angular and square-shaped at the chin area, while the female jawbone tends to be
more rounded and pointed. The brow ridges of men are often more prominent than those of women. These
distinctions in cranial and facial features underlie the basic difference between men's and women's faces.
Pelvis
The major difference between female and male skeletons is in the pelvis, which is due to another major
difference between men and women--childbirth. The female pelvis is smaller, shallower and wider, and the
cavity is more circular in shape. The coccyx or tailbone, which is the last bone of the spinal column, is more
movable in female skeletons. The sacrum, which is a triangle-shaped bone also at the end of the spine and
connected to the pelvis, is wider and flatter in females. All these distinctions contribute to the process of
childbirth, particularly allowing for the head and shoulders of the child to pass through the cavity.
Female
Male
Which is male and which is female?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8IHPq9VgWI
Body Farm – 45 minutes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCyicz
AcRBY&index=3&list=PLoNnmeqm6NkES
4eedWp55GJ7kiTMba1rC
Obj #11: List and describe the 8 (?)
types of joints.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOMFX_8
3sqk
Obj#12: Describe the major types of
joint movement.
• Joint movements are generally divided into
four types:
1. Gliding – Between flat surfaces
2. Angular
3. Rotation
4. Circumduction
Final Test
Skeletal System