New World Beginnings
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For chapter 1 &2 some of you have already
started taking Cornell notes. As I lecture
continue and add on. Also, by now you should
have emailed me your results for chapter
1&2.
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Answer the following questions in your notes.
Put the question on the left hand side and the
answer on the right.
1. What obstacles do you think the people in
the ice age encounter?
2. How do we know the ice age existed?
3. How did people share ideas and resources
in the Americas?
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After reading the article about the ice age,
write down 1 interesting thought you have
about the ice age.
Recorded history
began 6,000 years ago.
It was 500 years ago
that Europeans set
foot on the Americas
to begin colonization
 Theory of Pangaea:
continents once one
large land mass then
broke apart
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Huge sheets of ice, or
glaciers, covered large
portions of its continents.
Continuous cycle. likely that
the earth will experience
another glacial advance,
perhaps in the next 10,000 to
20,000 years, and that the
glacial/interglacial cycles will
continue. Geologic history
shows, however, that ice
ages eventually come to a
complete end and do not
occur again for several
hundred million years.
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The Land Bridge theory.
 As the Great Ice Age diminished, so did the
glaciers over North America.
 The theory holds that a Land Bridge emerged
linking Asia & North America across what is now
known as the Bering Sea. Those people eventually
populated N. & S. America. Some venture to
warmer climates: Incas, Mayas, and Aztecs
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Caribbean Amerindian
Arawak Indians, the name given
by Spanish explorers to several
tribes who spoke related
languages. They were peaceful,
agricultural people. At one time
they were widely distributed
from the Florida Keys to
Argentina, but by the time of the
European discovery of the
Americas in the 15th century,
they had been driven from many
areas by other tribes. Today,
tribes speaking Arawak
languages can be found in
northeastern South America.
CITY OF RUINS
NATIVE CLOTHING
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All that I saw were young men, none of them more than thirty years old, very well made, of
very handsome bodies and very good faces; the hair was coarse almost as teh hair of a
horse's tail and short; the hair they wear over their eyebrows, except for a hank behind that
they wear long and never cut. Some of them paint themselves black (and they are the color
of the Canary Islanders, neither black or white), and some paint themselves white, and
others red and others with what they have. Some paint their faces, others the whole body,
others the eyes only, others only the nose. They bear no arms, nor know thereof; for I
showed them swords and they grasped them by the blade and cut themselves through
ignorance; they have no iron. Their darts are a kind of rod without iron, and some have at
the end a fish's tooth and others, other things…. They are generally fairly tall and good
looking, well made. I saw some who had marks of wounds on their bodies, and made signs
to ask them what it was, and they showed me how people of other islands which are near
came there and wished to capture them, and they defended themselves. And I believed
and now believe that people do come here from teh mainland to take them as slaves. They
ought to be good servants and of good skill, for I see that they repeat very quickly all that is
said to them; and I believe that they would easily be made Christians, because it seems to
me that they belonged to no religion.
PYRAMID
LOCATION
AZTEC WARRIOR
TENOCHTITLAN
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Development of corn or maize around
5,000 B.C. in Mexico helped people settled
down, stop them from mainly being hunters
and gatherers society which resulted in the
rise of cities and town
Corn arrive in America 1,200 B.C. Grown by
Pueblo Indians who lived in Adobe houses.
Had irrigation
 Built huge ceremonial
and burial mounds and
were located in the Ohio
Valley.
 Cahokia, near East St.
Louis today, held 40,000
people.
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One mound, located
across the Mississippi
River from St. Louis, is
larger than the Great
Pyramid in Egypt. Its
base covered 14 acres
and it rose in four
terraces to 100 feet.
Grew corn, beans, and
squash
 This group likely had
the best (most diverse)
diet of all North
American Indians and
is typified by the
Cherokee, Creek,
Choctaw (South) and
Iroquois (North).
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 Hiawatha leader of the group.
 The Iroquois Confederation was a group of 5 tribes
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in New York state (later 6): Mohawk, Oneida,
Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. Tuscarora . Meet
together to discuss concerns
Matrilineal society: authority property passed
down through female
Believed land is not own individual but by tribe
Believed nature sacred
Little interest in money
Norse (Viking from
Norway) here 1st: Erik the
Red and Leif Erikson.
Landed in
Newfoundland.
 No written record (just
songs and sagas) so
they didn’t get credit
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Marco Polo traveled to China and stirred up a
storm of European interest.
Desire for goods increases trade and
exploration
New developments helped travel:
1. Caravel: fast ship
2. compass: determine direction
3. astrolabe: a sextant gizmo that could tell a ship's
latitude.
COMPASS
ASTROLABE
Faster, get to
destination
 Popular explorers such
as Bartolome Diaz,
Vasco da Gama, and
Christopher Columbus
relied on the caravel in
their many sojourns
into the unknown.
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1st slave trade was
across the Sahara
Desert. Then the West
African coast. Family
broken apart as a
control method
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Christopher Columbus convinced Isabella
and Ferdinand to fund his expedition. They
wanted to become a powerhouse in the
world.
Wanted to find new route to India, thought
he made it when he landed in Hispaniola
(modern day Bahamas). Called natives
Indians (Arawak)
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By the time Columbus arrived in the west, the
island Arawaks were divided into several
groups. In the west, the Lucayanos occupied
the Bahamas, the Borequinos were in Puerto
Rico and the Tainos lived in Cuba, Jamaica
and Haiti. Note that "taino" is an Arawak
word meaning peace. Barbados and Trinidad
in the east was settled by the Ignerian
Arawaks.
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Even though Columbus did not technically
discover America, his voyage set off a race by
different countries to explore the world
 Europe would provide the market, capital,
technology.
 Africa would provide the labor.
 The New World would provide the raw materials
(gold, soil, lumber).
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Columbian Exchange:
 From the New World (America) to the Old
▪ corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin,
squash, tomato, wild rice, etc.
▪ also, syphilis
 From the Old World to the New
▪ cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage,
citrus, carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc.
▪ devastating diseases (smallpox, yellow fever, malaria), as
Indians had no immunities.
▪ The Indians had no immunities in their systems built up over
generations.
▪ An estimated 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly due to
disease.
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Treaty Line of Tordesillas 1494: Portugal and
Spain feuded over who got what land. The Pope
drew this line as he was respected by both.
 The line ran North-South, and chopped off the
Brazilian coast of South America
 Portugal got everything east of the line (Brazil and
land around/under Africa)
 Spain got everything west of the line (which turned
out to be much more, though they didn't know it at
the time)
 Vasco Balboa: "discovered"•the Pacific Ocean across isthmus of
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Panama
Ferdinand Magellan: circumnavigates the globe (1st to do so)
Ponce de Leon: touches and names Florida looking for
legendary Fountain of Youth
Hernando Cortes: enters Florida, travels up into present day
Southeastern U.S., dies and is "buried"•in Mississippi River
Francisco Pizarro: conquers Incan Empire of Peru
and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain. This huge
influx
of precious metals made European prices skyrocket (inflation).
Francisco Coronado: ventured into current Southwest U.S.
looking for legendary El Dorado, city of gold. He found the
Pueblo Indians.
 Indians were "commended"•or given to Spanish
landlords
 The idea of the encomienda was that Indians
would work and be
converted to Christianity, but it was basically just
slavery on a sugar
plantation guised as missionary work.
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Hernando Cortez conquered the Aztecs at
Tenochtitlan.
Cortez went from Cuba to present day Vera
Cruz, then marched over mountains to the
Aztec capital.
Montezuma, Aztec king, thought Cortez
might be the god Quetzalcoatl who was due
to re-appear the very year. Montezuma
welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan.
The Spanish lust for gold led Montezuma to attack
on the noche triste, sad night. Cortez and men
fought their way out, but it was smallpox that
eventually beat the Indians.
 The Spanish then destroyed Tenochtitlan, building
the Spanish capital (Mexico City) exactly on top of
the Aztec city.
 A new race of people emerged, mestizos, a mix of
Spanish and Indian blood.
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Spanish society quickly spread through Peru and Mexico
A threat came from neighbors:
 English: John Cabot (an Italian who sailed for England) touched
the coast of the current day U.S.
 France: Giovanni de Verrazano also touched on the North
American seaboard.
 France: Jacques Cartier went into mouth of St. Lawrence River
(Canada).
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To oppose this, Spain set up forts (presidios) all over the
California coast. Also cities, like St. Augustine in Florida.
Eventually Spain would be confined to the southern
region, did not go further than Florida and New Mexico
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Don Juan de Onate: took over NM brutally,
cut off one feet of Native to remind them of
servitude
Robert de LaSalle sailed down the
Mississippi River for France claiming the
whole region for their King Louis and naming
the area "Louisiana" after his king
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Black Legend: The Black Legend was the
notion that Spaniards only brought bad
things (murder, disease, slavery); though
true, they also brought good things such as
law systems, architecture,
Christianity, language, civilization, so that the
Black Legend is partly, but not entirely,
accurate.