United States History I
Chapter 3 Sections 1/2: “Causes
of the American Civil War”
Standards 1.2-1.8, 9.3-9.4
Sectionalism and the Roots of
Conflict
• During the 1800’s, the northern and
southern “sections” of the United States
began to grow apart socially and
economically
• North: Industry
• South: Cash Crops: Cotton/Tobacco
The Missouri Compromise: 1820
• 60,000 People needed in area/territory
before it can apply for statehood
• 1820: 11 Slave and 11 Free States
• Missouri applied for statehood
– Balance of power would be offset one way or
the other. Will Missouri be slave or free?
– Who cares? Why would this be important for
political power? Discussion
Missouri Compromise: 1820
• *Maine also applied for statehood at the
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same time: PROBLEM SOLVED… for now
See map of U.S. Maine vs. Missouri
Compromise: Giving a little of something
in order to get a little bit of something you
want
Missouri Compromise: Maine is admitted
as a free state while Missouri enters the
UNION as a slave state: State Count = 1212
Future? 36-30 Line Established: Anything
North would be Free and Everything South
would be slave
Missouri Compromise Map: 1820
California Gold Rush: 1849
• 1848: Gold is found in the
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mountains of California
1849: People RUSH out to
California in order to find
gold (49ers’) Sound
Familiar?
California all of sudden
had enough people to
become a state. Most
people wanted California
to become a free state!
Slave states become
angry and threaten to
leave the Union!!
Compromise of 1850
• After nine months of heated debate…
• Henry Clay: “The Great Compromiser” suggests…
– 1. California be allowed to enter Union as a free
state: South angry…
– 2. Territories of Utah and New Mexico established w/o
restrictions on slavery: North angry
– 3. Slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C.
– 4. Strict Fugitive Slave Law was passed: Said that
fugitive slaves HAD to be reported to the authorities.
So…If you lived in Indiana and knew that a fugitive
slave was around and did not report it, you were
breaking the law! Northerners very angry at this law!!
– 13 Free to 12 Slave States
Uncle Tom’s Cabin: 1852
• Harriet Beecher Stowe:
Abolitionist who lived in
Cincinnati, Ohio. Was a
contemporary of Frederick
Douglas.
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Book that
exposed slavery for what it
really was and infuriated slave
owners in the south.
• Eliza and the Horrors of -
Slavery
• *What does it mean when
someone is referred to as an
Uncle Tom?
• http://www.in.gov/dn
r_old/historic/ugrr_sit
es.html
The Mighty Ohio River
Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854
• Stephen Douglas: Senator
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IL
Wanted to build a
transcontinental RR through
Chicago (Economics)
Two new territories created:
Kansas and Nebraska: Both
ABOVE the 36-30 Line!
Kansas-Nebraska Act:
Douglas wanted to scrap
the 36-30 line and leave the
fate of all future states up
to POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY:
Let the people choose
1854: A group of northern
politicians become so angry
that they form a new
political party called the
Republican Party
Kansas Nebraska Act: 1854
Bleeding Kansas: 1854-1857
• Two groups “moved” into
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Kansas in an attempt to
sway the vote for a
constitution that met their
needs
Anti-Slavery: Lawrence
Pro-Slavery: Lecompton
*After some Pro-Slavery
supporters attacked and
killed abolitionist, John
Brown and his sons killed
at least five Pro-Slavery
people.
*Open fighting broke out
and lasted a few years.
Dred Scott Case: 1857
• Background: Dred Scott
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was a slave who was
owned by a slave owner
in Missouri. His owner
was in the army and
spent time in Wisconsin
and Illinois. When his
owner died, the state of
Missouri tried to sell Dred
Scott as property
Case: Dred Scott sued for
his freedom and lost
because he was
“property”
-Roger Taney: -Could not
sue because he was not a
citizen
-Congress could NOT ban
slavery in new territories
Illinois Senate Race of 1858
• Illinois Senate seat was up for
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election
Stephen Douglas was
incumbent: already held seat
Abraham Lincoln: Republican:
Challenged Douglas to a series
of debates all over the state of
Illinois
Douglas: Believed in Popular
Sovereignty
Lincoln: Wanted to stop the
SPREAD of slavery to new
territories: “Contain it”
*LINCOLN LOST THE
ELECTION BUT GAINED
POPULARITY WITH MANY
NORTHERNERS
*THIS SET THE STAGE FOR
HIM TO RUN FOR PRESIDENT
IN 1860!
HARPER’S FERRY: 1859
• JOHN BROWN: Wanted to
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start a slave revolt in the
state of Virginia
-Attacked a U.S. Army
Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia (Present W. VA)
-No slaves joined the
revolt
-Brown was captured by
Robert E. Lee
-Brown was hanged for
“treason”
*Many in North saw
Brown as a Martyr: Hero
*Many in the South saw
Brown as an extremist
U.S. History I
Chapter 3 Section 2
Election of 1860 and the Beginning of
the American Civil War
Election of 1860
• By 1860, the United
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States was very
separated by Regional,
Political, and Economic
differences.
Election: Abraham Lincoln
(IL): Republican
-Stephen Douglas (IL):
Northern Democrat
-John C. Breckinridge
(KY): Southern Democrat
-John Bell (TN):
Constitutional Union Party
Election of 1860
• Lincoln gained most of his support in the North
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while Breckinridge got his from the South
*Many in the southern states hated Lincoln and
vowed to leave the Union if he was elected:
They thought that he would end slavery for
good (THAT WAS THEIR DECISION TO MAKE,
NOT HIS!)
-Abraham Lincoln won the election by a count of
180 Electoral Votes to 72 (Breckinridge)
Secession!!!
• South Carolina left the Union on December
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20th, 1860: Claimed they did it for “State’s
Rights”
February 1st, 1861: Mississippi, Florida,
Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
joined South Carolina: *Did it to defend
“American Rights” like the colonist during the
revolution of 1776
*John J. Crittenden (KY): wanted to reach a
last minute “Compromise” Reestablish 36 30
• Crittenden’s Compromise did not work
Confederate States of America are
Born! (CSA)
• February 8th, 1861:
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Montgomery, Alabama
-REBEL states get
together and form the
Confederate States of
America
-Declared each state
independent
-*Jefferson Davis:
Became the first
President of the CSA
Ft. Sumter, S.C.
• Ft. Sumter: a Union fort
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in “Confederate” territory
(South Carolina)
-Major Robert Anderson:
Commander: Asked
Lincoln for supplies
*If Lincoln refuses to
send supplies and
abandons the fort, then
he acknowledges the
CSA’s right to exist. If he
sends supplies, then he
risks war! Lincoln sends
supplies
April 12th, 1861:
Confederate forces attack
Ft. Sumter
*The American Civil War
had begun!
“Upper South” Secedes
• After Ft. Sumter,
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Virginia, Arkansas,
North Carolina, and
Tennessee left the
Union
*CSA Capital moved
to Richmond, Virginia
(100 Miles Away from
Washington D.C.)
Habeas Corpus and the Border
States
• Lincoln was worried the rest of the slave states
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would also leave the Union
He suspended writs of Habeas Corpus: right to
be charged with a crime within 24 hours of
being arrested: and declared Marshall Law
(Curfew) in order to prevent this
Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware, West Virginia
(Broke Away from Virginia), and Maryland (If
Maryland left, then D.C. was already surrounded
by the enemy) were the five slave states that
DID NOT leave the Union: AKA Border States
Which States Left the Union? 11
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CSA:
1. S.C.
2. N.C.
3. Virginia
4. Tennessee
5. Mississippi
6. Georgia
7. Florida
8. Louisiana
9. Texas
10. Alabama
11. Arkansas
Who stayed loyal? 24 Total
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Border States:
1. Kentucky
2. Delaware
3. Missouri
4. W. Virginia
5. Maryland
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Non-Slave Union
1. Indiana
2. Illinois
3. Iowa
4. Wisconsin
5. Minnesota
6. Kansas
7. Oregon
8. California
9. Michigan
10. Pennsylvania
11. New York
12. New Jersey
13. Connecticut
14. Rhode Island
15. Massachusetts
16. Ohio
17. Vermont
18. New Hampshire
19. Maine
U.S. History I
Chapter 3 Section 3
“The Civil War”
1.4, 9.2, 9.4
Advantages and Disadvantages
“Tale of the Tape”
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Union
More People
Stronger Navy
More Money
More Railroad Track
More Weapon’s
Factories
Stronger Federal
Government
More Food Supplies
• Confederate
• More “committed”
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Soldiers
Better Military
Commanders
Most of war fought in
CSA territory
Strategies
• Union
• Winfield Scott:
Proposed the
Anaconda Plan
– Blockade South
– Control Mississippi
River
– Control Gulf of Mexico
– Take Richmond, VA
Strategies: Confederate
• Win by NOT losing….huh?
• Use “Hit and Run” tactics to wear larger army
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down
Frustrate enemy into mistakes
Avoid major battles unless “CLEAR” advantage
Fight on “own” territory:
– Soldiers are familiar
– Protecting homes versus protecting ideas
Human Impact of Civil War:
624,511 Total Deaths!
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
Union
Confederate
500000
Total Deaths
Killed/Other
Killed/Battle
Wounded
Total Forces
0
Chapter 3-4
Reconstruction
1865-1877
Section 1
“Reconstruction Plans”
1.4, 9.1, 9.3, 9.4
Atlanta Destruction (Present)
The Reconstruction Battle Begins:
Richmond in Ruin: (Below) T. Stephens: (Right)
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Reconstruction – The
rebuilding after the Civil War.
Lincoln wanted a moderate
policy that would reconcile
the South with the Union
instead of punishing it for
treason.
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Amnesty – pardon
The South would gain 15
seats in the House of
Representatives.
Thaddeus Stevens – A
radical Republican who did
not want to reconcile with the
South.
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“revolutionize Southern
institutions, habits, and
manners.”
The Reconstruction Battle
Begins
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Radical Republicans – A
group of Republicans who
opposed Lincoln’s plan to
bring the South back into the
Union.
 Wanted to prevent
Confederate leaders from
returning to power after
the war.
 Wanted the Republican
Party to become powerful
in the South.
 Wanted the federal
government to help
African Americans gain
political equality by
guaranteeing their right
to vote in the South.
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Moderate Republicans
Wanted to go “easy” on
south
Prevent future war
The Reconstruction Battle Begins
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Freedmen - Freed
African Americans.
Freedmen’s Bureau –
Bureau established by
Congress to help freed
African Americans
adjust to their new
freedom.
Some believed the freedmen
should be given confiscated
Confederate land, while others
felt it went against an individuals
property rights.
 Congress refused to support
land confiscation.
 Anti-freedmen cartoon
(below)
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http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/freed
mans-bureau.htm
Johnson Takes Office
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Black Codes – a series
of laws passed by
Southern legislatures,
which severely limited
African Americans’ rights
in the South.
Civil Rights Act – 1866
law that granted
citizenship to all persons
born in the United States
except Native
Americans.
Fourteenth Amendment
– Amendment to the
Constitution that granted
citizenship to all persons
born or naturalized in the
United States.
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Andrew Johnson: Did
not support 14th
Amendment
 Radicals dislike him
 Tenure of Office Act:
Radical Repub. Law to
“set-up” Johnson for
removal: Said that a
President could not fire
anyone w/o Congress
approval
 Edwin Stanton: Sec. of
War fired by Johnson
 Johnson impeached:
put on trial for crime of
breaking tenure of office
act
 He avoided removal by
ONE vote!
Republican Rule in the South
Anti-carpet bagger cartoon (Below): Which political party would have
supported this cartoon? Which symbol is a clue?
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Carpetbagger – Name
given to Northern
whites who moved to
the South after the war
and supported
Republicans.
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Many had moved to the
South to educate whites
and African Americans.
Scalawag – Name
given by former
Confederates to
Southern whites who
supported Republican
Reconstruction of the
South.
Republican Rule in the South
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Thousands of African
Americans took part in
governing the South.
Most of the first elected
were educated in the
South.
Joseph Rainey – First
African American
elected to the House of
Representatives. (Left)
Hiram Revels – African
American elected to the
Senate.
Even though African
Americans took part in
the government, they
did not control it.
Southern Resistance
 In
1870 and 1871 Congress passed
three Enforcement Acts.
 One
act made it a federal crime to interfere
with a citizens right to vote. The second act
placed federal elections under the
supervision of federal marshals.
Klux Klan Act – Law that outlawed
the activities of the Ku Klux Klan.
 Ku
Reconstruction Ends
Compromise of 1877 – The method used to
reach an outcome in the 1876 presidential
election.
 Tenant Farmers – Farmers who paid rent for
the land they farmed.
 Sharecroppers – Farmers who paid a share
of their crops to cover their rent and the
equipment they needed.
 Furnishing Merchant – Country stores and
local suppliers who provided sharecroppers
with their supplies.
 De Jure Segregation- Upheld by Law
 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson
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