NAGLE CATHOLIC COLLEGE
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES STAGE 3
Term 4 2014
Skeleton and Muscles
NAME: ________________________________________________________
This test consists of three parts as shown in the table below.
Section
Question type
Marks
One
Multiple choice
10
Two
Short answer
28
Three
Extended answer
15
Total
53
available
Marks
gained
Please write in blue or black ink, except for multichoice answer sheet and graph,
which must be completed in pencil.
No graphic calculators are allowed for this test.
1
Section One: Multiple choice (10 marks)
Choose the best answer to each of the following questions, and then mark it in pencil on the
answer sheet provided.
1. Muscles that act to cause similar movements are called:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
antagonists
origins
insertions
synergists
2. The segment of a myofibril that is called a sarcomere runs from :
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
one Z line to the next Z line
one H zone to the next H zone
one A band to the next A band
one end of a skeletal muscle to the opposite end
3. Moving the arm away from the body would represent:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Abduction
Extension
Adduction
Flexion
4. The joint between two vertebrae is an example of a
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
fixed joint
hinge joint
slightly moveable joint
pivot joint
5. In order to bend the arm at the elbow the biceps muscle must contract. At the same time
the tricep muscle must
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
relax
push on the ulna
shorten
contract
2
6. How many bones are there in the average person's body?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
33
206
639
It varies by the individual
7. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Bone is where most blood cells are made.
Bone serves as a storehouse for various minerals.
Bone is a dry and non-living supporting structure.
Bone protects and supports the body and its organs.
8. What is the difference between cartilage and bone?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Bone is rubbery, and cartilage is firm.
Cartilage is rubbery, and bone is firm.
Bone is a more primitive tissue than cartilage.
Bone is inside the body, and cartilage is outside.
9. What is a joint?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
A hinge
A ball and socket
The place where two bones are joined
The place where tendons are fastened together
10. What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
They have different bone marrow.
They are made of different materials.
They have different sizes of bone cells.
They have different arrangement of bone cells.
End of Section One
3
Section Two: Short answers (28 marks)
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
11.
(a)
Briefly describe main functions of the skeletal system.

The skeleton provides a firm framework that gives shape to the body and
supports its parts. (1)

The bones provide points of attachment /Movement- for skeletal muscles. When the
muscles contract, they allow movement to take place. (1)

Protection of vital organs. The brain, for example, is encased within the skull,
and the spinal cord is contained within the spinal canal formed by the vertebrae.
The heart and lungs are protected by the rib cage, while the pelvis protects the
internal reproductive organs and bladder. (1) (must give an example)

The bones of the skeleton act as storage organs for mineral salts and fat.
Calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium are the main minerals stored
within bone. These can be distributed to other regions of the body by the
circulatory system when required. (1)

The skeleton has a role in blood cell production. The red marrow contained
within certain bones produces blood cells. (1) (MUST MENTION RED BONE
MARROW)
(5 marks)
(b)
Differentiate between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.




The axial skeleton forms the upright axis of the trunk
provides protection for the brain, spinal cord and organs within the thorax.
It consists of the skull, vertebral column and bony thorax.
The appendicular skeleton consists of all other bones of the skeleton
is adapted to carry out movement.
(4 marks)
4
(c)
Differentiate between yellow bone marrow and red bone marrow




Yellow bone marrow fills the cavity in the hollow diaphysis of long bones.
This cavity is used as a fat storage site and is often called the yellow bone marrow
cavity.
Red marrow is found in cancellous bone/ Epiphysis which is more porous than
compact bone.
It contains many large spaces filled with marrow.
(4 marks)
(d)
Describe the three characteristics of muscle tissue.



All muscle has the ability to contract, or shorten.
Muscles also possess the properties of extensibility
and elasticity.
(3 marks)
12.
One of the major risk factors in cardiovascular disease is hypertension (high blood
pressure). It has been controlled by the use of various drugs and by the maintenance of a
healthy lifestyle. A method of prevention has now been trialled using a new drug called
CYT006-AngQb.
A clinical trial was carried out with 72 patients suffering from hypertension. Half of the
patients were injected with 300μg of the new drug and half were injected with 300μg of a
placebo.
Three months after the injection, the blood pressure of the patients was taken over a
24-hour period, from 8am one day to 8am the next day.
Below is a table comparing the average systolic blood pressure for both groups of patients
over the 24-hour period.
5
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
(a)
Time (24 hours)
Patients treated with the new
drug
Patients treated with the
placebo
8 am
145
160
12pm (midday)
138
150
4pm
142
150
8pm
140
150
12 am (midnight)
125
130
4am
132
135
8am
140
160
Suggest a hypothesis for this experiment.
Description
Any one of:
CYT006-AngQb/the new drug reduces blood pressure
CYT006-AngQb/the new drug causes the greatest reduction in
blood pressure in the early morning.
Any statement that includes directional change between
independent variable and dependent variable.
(1 mark)
Marks
1
Total 1
(b)
Describe two (2) variables that were controlled in the experiment.
Description
Answer must be from data in question
Any two of:
Same administration of the drug
Amount of drug and placebo injected/ 300μg of drug and placebo
injected
Equal number of patients in each group/ 36 patients in each group
The same amount of time from injection to measurement of blood
pressure/same time of administration
Period of time over which blood pressure was measured/ blood
pressure was measured over 24 hours
All patients suffering hypertension
(2 marks)
Marks
1–2
Total 2
6
(c)
What is the purpose of a placebo?
(1 mark)
Description
Either
Acts as a control/comparison with the experimental
variable.
or
Patients unaware of which injection they have so there is
equal psychological effect in both groups
Marks
1
Total 1
(d)
Graph the results in the table on the grid provided below.
Description
Maximum of 3 marks for a bar graph
Correctly constructs axes using appropriate scale (BP on Y axis,
Time on X axis)
Correctly plots points and joins points to form a line (ruler)
Labelling of axes with correct name and unit
Identifies lines using key/labels
Title appropriate with both variables with units included and the two
groups
(experimental and control)
7
(5 marks)
Marks
1
1
1
1
1
Total 5
(e)
(i)
At which time of the day was the new drug most effective?
Description
8 am (does not matter if they say 1st or 2nd 8am)
(ii)
At which time of the day was the new drug least effective?
Description
4 am
(iii)
Suggest a reason for the difference between (e) (i) and (ii)?
Sleeping/less active at 4am/ more active at 8am
8
(1 mark)
Marks
1
Total 1
(1 mark)
Marks
1
Total 1
(1 mark)
1
Total 1
Section Three: Extended answer (15 marks)
Answer only one question
_____________________________________________________________________
Question 13
a)
Describe the macroscopic structure of a long bone and discuss the ways in which
each structure is related to its functioning.
(5 marks)
A long bone consists of: (should have written all bold key words)

a shaft, called the diaphysis, making up the main portion of the bone (1)

The ends, or epiphysis which are the enlarged ends of the bone. (1)

A thin layer of cartilage, the articular cartilage, covers each epiphysis. (1)

When the bone is cut lengthwise, the diaphysis can be seen to be a hollow
cylinder of compact bone surrounding a cavity. This cavity is used as a fat
storage site and is often called the yellow bone marrow. (1)

Cancellous bone is more porous than compact bone, and contains many large
spaces filled with marrow. In certain bones this may be red bone marrow,
where blood cell production takes place. (1)

On the outer surface of the bone there is a dense, white, fibrous covering, the
periosteum. (1)
The epiphysis have compact bone on the outside, but their central regions
contain spongy or cancellous bone
9
b)
List the major components of the knee joint.
For each component describe its role and function in articulation about the joint.

The fibrous capsule surrounds and encloses the joint. (1)

The synovial membrane makes up the inner layer of the capsule and lines
the whole joint cavity except for the articular cartilages. It consists of loose
connective tissue and blood capillaries. (1)

The synovial fluid is secreted by the synovial membrane, and fills the
synovial cavity. (1)

The articular cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of the bones forming
the joint. (1)

This tissue provides a smooth surface for relatively friction-free movement. In
addition, the following may also be present: (1)

articular discs occur in some synovial joints, such as in the knee (1)

bursae, or little sacs of synovial fluid, which are another feature of some joints
(1)

accessory ligaments, which hold the bones together in many joints (for
example, the ligaments of the knee joint). (1)

ACL = The anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL, connects the tibia to
the femur at the centre of the knee. Its function is to limit rotation and forward
motion of the tibia. (1)

PCL= The posterior cruciate ligament, or PCL (located just behind
the ACL) limits backward motion of the tibia. (1)
(10 marks)
10
OR
Question 14
a) Draw a fully labelled diagram of the Sliding Filament Theory to explain how a muscle
moves from a state of relaxation to a state of contraction.
Any 13
Any 13
Must have a fully labelled diagram 6 marks for a diagram and 6 marks for written dot
points
(12 marks)
b)



What is a neuromuscular junction?
A neuromuscular junction is the point where the
message for contraction is passed from the
motor neuron to the muscle fibre.
11
(3 marks)