Angela Brown
Chapter 29 Section 2
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• Created in 1943 to desegregate the Jack
Spratt Coffee House in Chicago.
• Sat at segregated lunch counter until all were served.
• Business owners forced to decide between serving protesters or loss of business.
• Protests began a process of change that could not be stopped.
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http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/odyssey/archive/09/0909001r.jpg
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http://www.learnhistory.org.uk/usa/woolworjthsitin2.jpg
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• 1960 Boynton v Virginia expanded earlier ruling to desegregate interstate buses to bus station waiting rooms and restaurants.
• Freedom Rides – tactic designed to test whether southern states would obey rulings
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http://z.about.com/d/afroamhistory/1/0/E/8/busdesegregation_freedomrides.jpg
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http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/s84.6p1.jpg
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• May 1961 a group of white men in
Anniston, Alabama attacked a busload of freedom riders.
• They slit bus tires and tossed a fire bomb into the bus and beat fleeing activists – local hospitals refused to treat wounded riders.
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http://www.npr.org/programs/fa/features/2006/01/freedom/bus_500.jpg
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• Country horrified by photos of smoldering bus.
• Violence intensified in Birmingham and
Montgomery.
• Jackson, Mississippi riders arrested immediately.
• 300 Freedom Riders continued protest throughout summer.
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• Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent federal marshals to protect Freedom
Riders.
• President Kennedy pressured Interstate
Commerce commission to issue a ruling prohibiting segregation in all interstate transportation.
• The Justice Department sued local communities that did not comply.
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http://www.tcnj.edu/~doshi2/freedom%20ride%20bus.jpg
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• 1961 was a year long campaign of protest marchers
• Called for desegregated bus terminals and talks with white community leaders
• Martin Luther King Jr. came to help but leaders resented outside involvement.
• Police kept violations of civil rights out of public view – couldn’t gain sympathy of Freedom Riders
• = movement fizzled out by end of 1962
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http://www.visionaryproject.org/timeline/timeline_content/031a.html
Three antisegregationist leaders were marched off to jail in Albany, GA., on charges of
"disobeying an officer, congregating on the sidewalk and disorderly conduct" after they visited City Hall to see the Albany City Commission.
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• Sept 1962 James Meredith a black Air
Force veteran wanted to transfer from
Jackson State College to all white
University of Mississippi.
• Turned down on racial grounds – NAACP helped
• Supreme Court upheld Meredith’s claim.
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http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/a/a5/400px-
James_Meredith_OleMiss.jpg
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http://www.jfklibrary.org/meredith/images/contro_bar.jpg
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• Gov. Ross Barnett declared he could not enroll and blocked way to admission office.
• Stand off between governor and Justice
Department
• Violence brought Marshall’s to campus- tear gas covered grounds
• Two bystanders killed – hundreds injured
• President Kennedy sent army troops to restore order
• federal Marshall’s escorted Meredith to class
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http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/
39191000/jpg/_39191647_meredith238.jpg
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http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/miss/night03.jpg
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• Martin Luther King Jr. invited to city in
April 1963.
• Planned boycotts of stores and attempts to integrate local churches.
• Business leaders tried to negotiate to call off plan without success.
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• Started nonviolently
• officials declared marches violated regulation prohibiting parades without permit
• Arrested King and others
• Criticized by white clergy – ill-timed threat to law and order by an “outsider”
• King responded with “Letter from
Birmingham Jail”.
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http://www.intersectcommunity.com/blog/ wp-content/uploads/2007/01/cost3.jpg
http://www.cnn.com/EVENTS/black_history
/travel/birmingham/alabama_birmingham.jpg
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• Week later King released on bail.
• Decided to let children join campaign.
• “Bull” Connor arrested 900 children.
• Police used high-pressure fire hose and trained police dogs attacked marchers’ arms and legs.
• Police beat protesters with clubs and took them to jail.
http://www.facinghistory.org/campus/reslib.nsf/web+clips/
12577B65584E884085256F970070BFD3/$file/0.gif
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http://www.rethinkingschools.org/img/archive/18_03/1803_49.gif
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http://warhistorian.org/blog1/images/birmingham-1963.jpg
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http://ordoesit.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/birmingham63.jpg
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http://warresisters.org/images/birmingham.jpg
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• TV brought violent scenes to people across country – appalled
• Protesters won desegregation of city facilities and fairer hiring practices
• Interracial committee set up to aid communication.
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