European Nitrogen Assessment:
Supplementary Material:
Powerpoint Graphics to Chapter 5.
Source:
Sutton, M.A., Howard, C.M., Erisman J.W., Bealey J.W., Billen G.,
Bleeker, A., Bouwman A., Grennfelt, G., van Grinsven, H. &
Grizzetti G. (2011) The challenge to integrate nitrogen science and
policies. Chapter 5, in: The European Nitrogen Assessment
(Eds. Sutton et al.), Cambridge University Press.
crop N2
2 fixation
20
imported feed & food
fertiliser application
15
N2
2 fix by industry and traffic
10
5
0
1900
1950
1980
2000
1950
1980
2000
25
Annual N emission (Tg)
Trend of Nr
inputs and
emissions
for the EU27
Annual Nitrogen inputs (Tg)
25
Nrr to water
20
15
N2O
2 emission
NH33 emission
NOxx emission
10
5
0
1900
Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)
Land-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen
Nitrogen community split into
separated research efforts
Net GHG
Nitric Acid
(HNO3)
Ozone
(O3)
Carbon dioxide
(CO2)
Wet deposition
NH4+ and NO3-
Aerosol
NH4NO3
Nitrogen dioxide
(NO2)
Methane
(CH4)
Particle Organic
Nitrogen (PON)
Ammonia
(NH3)
Nitric oxide
(NO)
Nitrous oxide
(N2O)
Volatile Organic
Nitrogen (VON)
Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)
Simplified view of the Nitrogen Cascade
N2→Nr
High temperature
combustion
& industry
Greenhouse
gas balance
3.7 (21%)
Nitrous Oxide
(N2O)
Urban air
quality
Particulate
Matter
Ammonium nitrate
in rain (NH4NO3)
121 (63%)
11.5 (70%)
45 (24%)
1.3 (8%)
Further emission
of NOx & N2O
carrying on
the cascade
Ammonia
(NH3)
Nr
N2→Nr
Crop biological
nitrogen fixation
Tropospheric
ozone formation
Nitrogen oxides
(NOx)
N2→Nr
Fertilizer
manufacture
Stratospheric
ozone loss
25 (13%)
Crops for food &
animal feed
Intended
N flow
Terrestrial Eutrophication
Nr in
manure
Unintended
N flows
Livestock farming
for food
Eventual
denitrification
to N2
Natural ecosystems
Soil acidification
N form in
the cascade
Environmental
concern from Nr
Anthropogenic
annual N fixation
N2→Nr (Tg / yr):
World (% in world)
EU27 (% in EU27)
Leached Nitrate
(NO3-)
Freshwater Eutrophication
Nitrate in streams,
groundwater &
coastal seas
Marine Eutrophication
Scaling up of issues through
the European Nitrogen Assessment
Upscaling &
Integration
Part E
European Nitrogen policies & future challenges
Water
quality
Air
quality
Greenhouse
balance
Ecosystems
& biodiversity
Soil
quality
Part D
Integrating nitrogen fluxes at the European Scale
Geographic variation in terrestrial
nitrogen budgets across Europe
Nitrogen flows from
European watersheds to
coastal marine waters
Nitrogen flows
and fate in rural
landscapes
Atmospheric transport
& deposition of nitrogen
in Europe
Nitrogen flows
and fate in urban
landscapes.
Part C
Nitrogen flows in farming
systems across Europe.
Processes &
Mechanisms
Nitrogen
processing in the
biosphere
Part B
Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)
The NinE major environmental concerns
of excess reactive nitrogen
Stratospheric
chemistry and ozone
Acidification
Greenhouse gas
of soils & waters
& global warming
Terrestrial
Ozone
eutrophication &
biodiversity
vegetation
& health
Coastal
Urban
& marine
eutrophication
air quality
& health
Aquatic
Particles
eutrophication &
water quality
health, visibility
& global dimming
Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)
Fitting the world together:
The classical Greek model of the macrocosm
FIRE
Hot
Dry
AETHER
AIR
EARTH
QUINTESSENCE
Moist
Empedocles (fragments c. 450 B.C.)
Aristotle (De Caelo I.2, c. 280 B.C.)
Cold
WATER
Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)
Nitrogen Threats and the Environmental Macrocosm
GREENHOUSE BALANCE
Dry
Hot
AIR
QUALITY
SOIL
QUALITY
ECOSYSTEMS
& BIODIVERSITY
Moist
Cold
WATER QUALITY
Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)
Key nitrogen forms in the environmental macrocosm
Nitrous oxide (N2O) &
Nitrogen-GHG interactions
Atmospheric
chemistry
Nitrogen
oxides (NOx)
particles (PM2.5)
& ozone (O3)
in air
Storage of
organic matter
Ammonia &
organic N
in Ecosystems
Human
health
Soil Organic
Nitrogen (SON)
Aqueous
Transformations
Aqueous nitrate (NO3-)
& other dissolved N
Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)
Nr & Society
“The NitroNet Poll”
In collaboration with
The Green Room, BBC News.
• The public view
reflects a wide range
of Nr priorities
• All Nr issues must be
addressed
• Highest score given
to water quality
• Shared letters on the
bars (left) show where
there is no significant
difference (P=0.05)
a
Water quality
bc
Air quality
abd
Greenhouse gas balance
Ecosystems & biodiversity
ad
Soil quality
bc
0
1
2
Score
3
4
BBC News Article
NitroNet Poll
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7496036.stm
www.nine-esf.org/?q=nitronet_poll
5
Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)
The Five Key Threats of Excess Reactive
Nitrogen in the Environment
ECOSYSTEMS
AND
BIODIVERSITY
© Ian Leith
© Mark Sutton
© Gilles Billen
N2→Nr
Greenhouse
gas balance
Stratospheric
ozone loss
25 (13%)
High temperature
combustion
& industry
3.7 (21%)
Nitrous Oxide
(N2O)
Nitrogen oxides
(NOx)
N2→Nr
Fertilizer
manufacture
Particulate
Matter
Ammonium nitrate
in rain (NH4NO3)
121 (63%)
11.5 (70%)
45 (24%)
1.3 (8%)
Further emission
of NOx & N2O
carrying on
the cascade
Ammonia
(NH3)
Nr
N2→Nr
Crop biological
nitrogen fixation
Urban air
quality
Tropospheric
ozone formation
Crops for food &
animal feed
Terrestrial Eutrophication
Nr in
manure
Eventual
denitrification
to N2
Livestock farming
Natural ecosystems
Soil acidification
Leached Nitrate
(NO3-)
Freshwater Eutrophication
Nitrate in streams,
groundwater &
coastal seas
Marine Eutrophication
Additional copy:
The N cascade as single graphical group
Sutton et al. (2011 ENA Ch 5)