Creativity and Innovation Unit
Summative Assessment – History Investigation of a Game
Name: ____Eliza______________
Due Date: _14/4/14___________
Goal: Write a 300 – 500 word essay describing the history and
development of a game and explaining why it is creative or
innovative.
Read through this checklist. Use this to help stay organized with your
investigation. Remember to get a teacher’s initials, as this is a way to check
your work along the way.
THE RESEARCH:
__
_ Choose a research organizer.
_
__ Find 3 – 5 reliable sources that give the history and/or development of my
product. My sources are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
_
http://www.goldchallenge.org/volleyball/allaboutvolleyball
http://paralympics.org.uk/paralympicsports/sitting-volleyball
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/632342/volleyball
http://www.volleyball.com/volleyball_history.aspx
http://www.fivb.org/en/volleyball/History.asp
__ Read my sources and completed the research organizer.
Teacher’s Initials: __
_____
THE REPORT - WRITING:
_
__ Review the essay outline document.
_
__ Create and save a word document (saved as ‘Hum07-Creativity and
Innovation – History Investigation Assessment – my name’).
_
__ Use my paraphrased writing from the research organizer and put it into
an essay form.
_
__ Add a concluding paragraph.
_
__ Reread the essay 2 times for revision and editing.
Teacher’s Initials: __
_____
THE REPORT – FINAL STEPS:
_
__ Add a cover page (the first page of the report) with your product, your name
and HR, and Humanities teacher’s name.
_
__ Add the bibliography or citation page to the back of the report.
Teacher’s Initials: _
______
Hum07 - Creativity and Innovation – Summative Research
Task – Research Organizer
Before writing your essay, you will need to research and gather information.
Below is one way to organize that information. You may either use this form or
develop your own organizer for gathering/researching information about the
product.
Remember that when you turn in your essay, you will also be turning in a
completed research organizer.
***Focus of your research: the history and development of a product.***
MLA Citation or
Source Title
Key Words or
Phrases
Paraphrased
Form
(Cut and Paste the url or type
in the book title and author)
(After reading your source,
copy the key words here.)
(Close the source. Use
the key words or phrases
in new sentences.)
"FIVB - VOLLEYBALL."
William G. Morgan (1870-1942),
FIVB - VOLLEYBALL. 2011 FIVB, who was born in the State of New
York, has gone down in history as
n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.fivb.org/en/volleyball the inventor of the game of
volleyball, to which he originally
/History.asp>.
gave the name "Mintonette".
William G. Morgan was a man
who was born in New York
and he was the inventor of
the popular sport known as
volleyball. He originally
named it Mintonette.
The young Morgan carried out his
When he was younger, he
undergraduate studies at the
studied at Springfield college
Springfield College of the YMCA
of YMCA and it was there that
(Young Men's Christian
he met James Naismith who
Association) where he met James invented basketball. After he
Naismith who, in 1891, had
graduated, He spent some
invented basketball. After
time at other places before he
graduating, Morgan spent his first
went to YMCA at Holyoke.
year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA
There, he became the
after which, during the summer of
manager of physical
1895, he moved to the YMCA at
education. As the manager,
Holyoke (Massachusetts) where
he had to create and improve
he became director of physical
a challenging program of
education. In this role he had the
work outs and athletic
opportunity to establish, develop
activities for male students.
and direct a vast programme of
exercises and sport classes for
male adults.
His leadership was
As the years went on, his
enthusiastically accepted, and his
classes quickly became
classes grew in numbers. He came
bigger. He then realized that
to realise that he needed a certain
he needed a specific type of
type of competitive recreational
sport in his program. During
game in order to vary his
that time, basketball was still
programme. Basketball, a sport
developing and it was good
that was beginning to develop,
for young people but he
seemed to suit young people, but
needed a sport that was less
it was necessary to find a less
forceful for the older people.
violent and less intense
alternative for the older
members.
At that time Morgan knew of no
During those years, he did not
similar game to volleyball which
know any game that was like
could guide him; he developed it
volleyball that could solve his
from his own sports training
problem. He developed this
methods and his practical
game using his research and
experience in the YMCA
teachings. In his first
gymnasium. Describing his first
experiment with the game he
experiments he said, "In search of
said " while searching for a
an appropriate game, tennis
game that would help my
occurred to me, but this required
problem, I thought about
rackets, balls, a net and other
tennis but it required a lot of
equipment, so it was eliminated,
equipment. The idea of the
but the idea of a net seemed a
net was really good though so
good one. We raised it to a height we raised the net to about 6 f
of about 6 feet, 6 inches (1.98
6. We needed a ball and we
metres) from the ground, just
used a basketball but it was
above the head of an average
too big and heavy.".
man. We needed a ball and
among those we tried was a
basketball bladder, but this was
too light and too slow. We
therefore tried the basketball
itself, which was too big and too
heavy."
Morgan explained that the new
game was designed for gymnasia,
but could also be played in open
air. An unlimited number of
players could participate, the
object of the game being to keep
the ball in movement over a high
net, from one side to the other.
Halstead called attention to the
action, of the ball's flight, and
proposed that the name
"Mintonette" be replaced by
"Volley Ball."
Morgan explained the rules and
worked on them, then gave a
hand-written copy to the
conference of YMCA directors of
physical education, as a guide for
the use and development of the
game. A committee was
appointed to study the rules and
produce suggestions for the
game's promotion and teaching.
"History of Volleyball."
Volleyball.com. 2014
Volleyball.Com, n.d. Web. 08 Apr.
2014.
<http://www.volleyball.com/volley
ball_history.aspx>.
in 1895, William G. Morgan, an
instructor at the Young Men's
Christian Association (YMCA) in
Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend
elements of basketball, baseball,
tennis, and handball to create a
game for his classes of
businessmen which would
demand less physical contact than
basketball.
He explained that this new
game that he developed was
made for a gymnasium but it
was also possible to play it in
open spaces. A lot of players
could play the game and the
goal of the game was to keep
the ball moving and up in the
air over a high net.
After seeing the students
playing the game and hearing
the explanation of it from
Morgan, Professor Alfred T.
Halstead realized that the ball
made a volleying action when
it was being played and he
said that the name should be
volley ball instead of
Mintonnette.
Morgan talked abut the rules
and developed them. He then
gave a copy of the rules to
officials. A person was
assigned to look at the rules
and create recommendations
to improve the game.
William G. Morgan combined
components of baseball,
basketball, handball and
tennis to create volleyball.
Timline:
Timeline of volleyball:
1895: William G. Morgan (18701942) created the game of volleyball.
Volleyball was created by
William G. Morgan in 1895.
1900: a special ball was designed for
the sport.
In 1900, a ball was finally
1916: in the Philippines, an offensive
style of passing the ball in a high
trajectory to be struck by another
player (the set and spike) were
introduced.
1917: the game was changed from
21 to 15 points.
1920s: there are unconfirmed
whispers of men’s teams playing on
the beach in Hawaii, but most
accounts place the sport's origin in
Santa Monica, California where the
first Volleyball courts are put up on
the beach at the Playground. Families
play 6 vs. 6..
1920: three hits per side and back
row attack rules were instituted.
1922: the first YMCA national
championships were held in Brooklyn,
NY. 27 teams from 11 states were
represented.
1928: it became clear that
tournaments and rules were needed,
the United States Volleyball
Association (USVBA, now USA
Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S.
Open was staged, as the field was
open to non-YMCA squads.
1930s: the first two-man beach
volleyball game is played in Santa
Monica, California..
1934: the approval and recognition of
national volleyball referees.
1948: the first two-man beach
tournament was held.
1949: the initial World
Championships were held in Prague,
Czechoslovakia.
1964: Volleyball was introduced to
the Olympic Games in Tokyo.
1995: the sport of Volleyball was
100 years old!
1996: 2-person beach volleyball
debuted as an Olympic Sport.
designed for volleyball
because before, basketballs
were used but they were too
heavy and hard.
In 1916, the Philippines
thought of offensive styles of
passing the ball. The 2 styles
were the set and the spike.
In the 1920s, people started
playing volleyball on the
beach with each family having
6 people (6 vs 6).
In 1928, people started
realizing that rules and
tournaments were needed for
this sport. The united states
volleyball association was
formed.
In the 1930s, the first 2 man
beach volleyball game was
played.
In 1949, the world
championships for volleyball
was held in Czech.
In 1964, Olympic games in
Tokyo finally had volleyball.
In 1996, 2 person beach
volleyball became an Olympic
game.
In 2000, the libero position
was introduced in the
Olympic games.
2002: Beach volleyball court
dimensions reduced to 8m x 8m per
side.
The Editors of Encyclopædia
Britannica. "Volleyball (sport)."
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
The ball used is around 260 to 280
grams (9 to 10 ounces) and is
inflated to about 65 cm (25.6
inches) in circumference.
Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web.
10 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBche In competition each team consists
of six players, three of whom take
cked/topic/632342/volleyball>.
the forward positions in a row
close to and facing the net, the
other three playing the back
court. (An exception to this
rotation is the libero, a position
introduced at the 2000
Olympics; see below.)
The ball used in volleyball is
about 260 to 280 grams and
65 centimeters in
circumference.
In tournaments, each side has
6 players. 3 of the players go
to the front and act as setters
and the other 3 go to the
back, acting as bumpers. The
players rotate as they get
more points. Libero is the
only exception for this role.
The game starts with a serve
A player continues to serve until
and a player continues to
his team makes an error, commits serve unless the players
a foul, or completes the game.
teammates make a mistake,
When the service changes, the
commits a foul or completes
receiving team becomes the
the game . If this happens,
serving team and its players
the ball goes to the other
rotate clockwise one position, the team to serve. When the ball
right forward shifting to the right goes to the other team, the
back position and then serving
players rotate clockwise.
from the service area.
Although the game is played sitting
British Paralympic Association. down, many players are actually
British Paralympic Association, n.d. ambulant (their conditions prevent
them from competing in nonWeb. 10 Apr. 2014.
<http://paralympics.org.uk/paralym disabled Volleyball) and so do not
be surprised if you see players
picsports/sitting-volleyball>.
standing up to celebrate a point
"Sitting Volleyball."
Teams aim to hit a ball over a net
There is another version of
volleyball called sitting
volleyball. This was developed
for athletes that are
ambulant. Sitting volleyball
has become a sport played in
the Paralympics. This game is
played sitting and the players
conditions do not allow them
and land it within the opposition's
court. Teams have three passes, to
form an attacking play, before the
ball has to go over the net.
to compete in normal
volleyball.
The ball is usually played with the
hands or arms, but players can
legally strike or push (short
contact) the ball with any part of
the body.
Volleyball is usually played
with the hands and/or arms
but players are allowed to hit
the ball with any body part.
The rules are almost the same
except in sitting volleyball,
the players are required to
Sitting Volleyball requires players to keep their pelvis on the floor
maintain contact between their
at all times.
pelvis and the floor at all times.
"All About Volleyball."
Gold Challenge. 2013 Gold
Challenge, n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.goldchallenge.org/voll
eyball/allaboutvolleyball>.
A lot of techniques in
A number of
volleyball have been
consistent techniques have evolved developed or added to the
in volleyball, including spiking and game. Some of these
blocking (because these plays are techniques are spiking and
made above the top of the net
blocking. This sport favors
the vertical jump is an athletic skill players with high vertical
emphasised in the sport) as well
jumps as they are able to
as passing, setting, and
spike and block better.
specialized player positions and
Bumping, setting, and special
offensive and defensive structures position's in volleyball have
also been developed over the
It was originally played with
years.
teams of nine; however this was
adapted to the 6-a-side game that Volleyball was originally
exists today. It was the Americans played in teams of any
that spread the word of volleyball number or teams of 9 but
and encouraged its adoption first now, each team can only have
in mainland Europe during and
6 players. The Americans
following the First World War and started playing volleyball and
then into South America. It is now it spread to Europe during the
hugely popular worldwide and
first World War. After it came
was listed as the most watched
to Europe, it hit South
sport in terms of television
America and now it is a very
audiences at the Beijing Olympics popular sport all around the
in 2008.
world.