Study Guide
Week Five
1

• Intra-industry trade : Export and import within the same industry or product group.
– Example
• Inter-industry trade: Some industries export and others import.
– Example
2

Can factor proportions theory explain the Intra-industry trade?
• No
–Because that implies that a nation has comparative advantage as well as comparative disadvantage in production of the same product
3

• It is used to compare different industries based on their amount of intra-industry trading


X value of exports
M value of imports
4

Intraindustry Trade Index =1-
X -M
X +M
• Example
–US imports $100,000 worth of autos and exports 30,000 worth of autos.
What is ITI in the US auto industry?
–ITI = 1- (70,000/130,000) = 0.46
5

Intraindustry Trade Index =1-
X -M
X+M
• What if ITI was zero?
– Country is either only exporting or only importing
– No intra-industry trade
• How can ITI be 1?
– The country’s exports = its imports
– 100% intra-industry trade
6

• Values of intraindustry trade depend on how a particular industry or product group is defined.
– More broadly defined groups will show more intraindustry trade.
• Example: pants
– More narrowly defined groups will show less intraindustry trade.
• Example: dress pants and jeans
7

• Homogenous goods are those that are identical (consumers can not differentiate between them)
– Examples: apples, oranges
• Differentiated goods are those that are similar but not identical
– Examples: toothpaste, cars
8

Why is there intraindustry trade in homogeneous goods?
1. Location
 Transportation cost
• It is cheaper for City X to import cement from
County A than buy it from City Y
• City Y will exports cement to Country C
• B imports and exports cement
Country
A
City X Country B
City
Y County
C
9

Why is there intraindustry trade in homogeneous goods?
2. Joint products
• Country A imports goods + insurance
(service)
• Country A exports other goods + insurance (service)
10

Why is there intraindustry trade in homogeneous goods?
3. Entrepot trade
– A computer producer in country X has a worldwide distribution center in country
Y
Country
X
Country
Y
Y imports and exports the same computers
11

Why is there intraindustry trade in homogeneous goods?
4.
Re-export trade.
– Goods are imported into a country, and sometime later the same goods are subjected to a small transformation and exported to another country.
• Example: Goods are imported, sorted, repackaged and exported to another country to the Far East.
12

Explanations of Intraindustry Trade in Homogeneous Products
5.
 Country A may only produce strawberries in summer
• Export strawberries in summer
• Import strawberries in winter
13

1. Horizontally differentiated products have the same price but slightly different characteristics
– Examples?
• Candy bars
14

2. Vertically differentiated products have different prices and different characteristics
–Examples?
• autos
15

Why would a nation export and import differentiated goods?
• Price differentials (vertically differentiated products)
– Economies of scale
• What is it?
• Average cost goes down as you increase production
– Specialization
16

Example
Compact cars are popular in Japan
Japan increases its production of compact cars
Average cost of producing compact cars declines in Japan
Japan gains a comparative advantage in production of compact cars
Japan exports compact cars
17

Why would a nation export and import differentiated goods?
Big cars are popular in the US
US increases its production of big cars
Average cost of producing big cars declines in
US
US gains a comparative advantage in production of big cars
US exports big cars
18

• Explains why we may turn from exporting a product to importing that product over time.
• From the time a new high tech product is developed to the time in becomes widely popular, it goes through 3 stages
19

• Stage 1
– Computers are just introduced to the market in the US
– They are expensive
– Need high-income markets
– R&D and production improvements require highly skilled workers.
– US may export computers to other developed countries
20

• Production of computers becomes more standardized.
• Production may move to other developed countries instead of exporting to those countries.
• US may begin to import computers from the new production country.
21

• Production of computers has become standardized enough that move process to developing countries to utilize unskilled labor to lower costs.
• US becomes importer.
• US moves production focus to new products and cycle starts over.
22

23

• Domestic producers produce goods targeted at tastes and income levels of the domestic market.
• Goods are exported to other countries with similar tastes and income levels .
• Linder states that high-income countries will trade with other high-income countries since income determines general tastes/preferences.
24

• Welfare is improved from increased choice and competition.
– Prices tend to be lower with trade in differentiated products.
– Quality tends to be higher.
25

• Reduces monopoly power of domestic firms
• Firms can produce at higher levels realizing economies of scale leading to lower prices.
26

• Is to study Chapter 4 and discuss your questions/problems
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