ROCKS AND MINERALS
Chapters 2 & 3
Test 2 material
Begin
RELATIVE TIME
TIME IN RELATIONSHIP WHILE
COMPARING ONE ROCK LAYER WITH
ANOTHER
GEOLOGIC LAWS SUPERPOSITION
EACH LAYER OF ROCK IS OLDER THAN
THE LAYER ABOVE IT AND YOUNGER
THAN THE LAYER BELOW IT
GEOLOGIC LAWS - CROSS
CUTTING
WHEN ROCKS CUT THROUGH OTHER
ROCKS, THEY ARE ASSUMED TO BE
YOUNGER THAN THE ROCKS THEY CUT
THROUGH
GEOLOGIC LAW INCLUSIONS
PIECES OF OLDER ROCK CONTAINED
WITHIN A YOUNGER ROCK
TYPES OF FOSSILS
PETRIFICATION - TURNED TO STONE
INDIRECT EVIDENCE - TRACE OF ITS
EXISTENCE (COPROLITE)
ACTUAL REMAINS - SHELL
IMPRINT - BIRD TRACKS OR WORM
BURROWS
ONLY FOUND IN SEDIMENTARY ROCK
PETRIFICATION
COPROLITE - INDIRECT
SHARK TOOTH – ACTUAL
IMPRINT
OPPOSING THOUGHT UNIFORMITARIANISM
SAME PHYSICAL PROCESSES ACTIVE
TODAY HAVE BEEN OPERATING
THROUGHOUT GEOLOGIC TIME
PRESENT HOLDS KEY TO PAST
JAMES HUTTON - FATHER OF MODERN
GEOLOGY
OPPOSING THOUGHT CATASTROPHISM
CATASTROPHIC OR CATACLYSMIC
EVENTS HAVE ALTERED DEPOSITION
AND EROSION THROUGHOUT TIME
SCABLANDS OF IDAHO - 100,000
YEARS OF EROSION TOOK PLACE IN A
30 DAY PERIOD
HOW ROCK DIFFERS ACROSS
THE EARTH’S CRUST
CONTINENTAL ROCK - GRANITE - SIAL
WHICH IS COMPOSED OF SILICA AND
ALUMINUM AND LIGHTER THAN
OCEAN ROCK
OCEAN ROCK - BASALT - SIMA WHICH
IS HEAVIER AND COMPOSED OF SILICA
AND MAGNESIUM
GEOLOGIC CONCEPT ISOSTACY
EQUILIBRIUM STATE IN EARTH’S
CRUST FORMED BY THE
RELATIONSHIP OF PORTIONS OF THE
LITHOSPHERE & ASTHENOSPHERE
LOG FLOATING IN RIVER
GEOLOGIC CYCLES
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
ROCK CYCLE
TECTONIC CYCLE
MINERAL
INORGANIC SOLID NATURAL
COMPOUND HAVING A SPECIFIC
CHEMICAL FORMULA AND POSSESSING
A CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE THAT IS
FIXED OR VARIES WITHIN A DEFINITE
RANGE
EXAMPLES OF MINERALS
TALC
GYPSUM
CALCITE
QUARTZ
SULFUR
HALITE
GRAPHITE
GALENA
FLUORITE
APATITE
MAGNETITE
DIAMOND
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
LUSTER - APPEARANCE OF LIGHT
REFLECTED FROM A MINERAL METALLIC OR NONMETALLIC
COLOR - INHERENT OR EXOTIC
STREAK - AFTER RUBBING MINERAL
ACROSS A PORCELAIN PLATE THE
LEFTOVER POWDER RESIDUE
STREAK PLATE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY - WEIGHT OF
MINERAL TO EQUAL VOLUME OF
WATER
CLEAVAGE - ABILITY TO BREAK OR
CLEAVE IN CERTAIN DIRECTIONS
MORE READILY THAN OTHERS
FRACTURE - DOES NOT BREAK IN
CERTAIN DIRECTIONS
CLEAVAGE
FRACTURE
MAGNETISM - CAN PICK UP WITH
MAGNET
TASTE - HALITE
FEEL - TALC (SOAPY) GRAPHITE (OILY
OR GREASY)
ACID TEST - WILL FIZZ OR BUBBLE
HARDNESS - SCRATCHING RESISTANT
MOH’S SCALE OF HARDNESS
1 = TALC
2 = GYPSUM
2.5 = HUMAN FINGERNAIL
3 = CALCITE
4 = FLUORITE
5 = APATITE
5.5 = GLASS
7 = QUARTZ
10 = DIAMOND
IF YOU SCRATCH IT WITH YOUR
FINGER NAIL = LESS THAN 2.5
CAN’T SCRATCH IT AND IT WON’T
SCRATCH GLASS = 2.5-5.5
SCRATCHES GLASS = GREATER 5.5
MINERAL GROUPS
SILICATES
OXYGEN & SILICON ATOMS
SILICON-OXYGEN TETRAHEDRON
[4 OXYGEN ATOMS SURROUNDING A
MUCH SMALLER SILICON ATOM]
FELDSPARS, QUARTZ, MICAS,
HORNBLENDE, OLIVINE, AUGITE
SILICON-OXYGEN
TETRAHEDRON
NON-SILICATE MINERALS
CARBONATES - CALCITE & DOLOMITE
HALIDES - HALITE & FLUORITE
NATIVE ELEMENTS - GOLD, COPPER,
DIAMOND, GRAPHITE, SILVER
SULFATES - GYPSUM
SULFIDES - GALENA & PYRITE
OXIDES - MAGNETITE & HEMATITE
USES OF NON-METALLIC
MINERALS
APATITE - FERTILIZERS
ASBESTOS - FIBERS
CALCITE - CHEMICALS, CEMENT
CLAY [KAOLINITE] CHINA,
KAOPECTATE
FLUORITE - GLASS, CHEMICALS
GRAPHITE - PENCIL LEAD
GYPSUM - PLASTER OF PARIS
HALITE - TABLE SALT
MUSCOVITE - ELECTRICAL INSULATOR
SULFUR - CHEMICALS
TALC - BABY POWDER, PAINTS
GEMSTONES
PRECIOUS
DIAMOND
EMERALD [BERYL]
OPAL
RUBY [CORUNDUM]
SAPPHIRE [CORUNDUM]
DIAMONDS
EMERALDS
GEMSTONES
SEMIPRECIOUS
AMETHYST - QUARTZ
CAT’S EYE - QUARTZ
GARNET
JADE - JADEITE
MOONSTONE - FELDSPAR
TOPAZ
TURQUOISE
ZIRCON
AMETHYST
METALLIC MINERAL RESOURCES
ALUMINUM, CHROMIUM, COPPER,
GOLD, IRON, LEAD, MAGNESIUM,
MERCURY, NICKEL, PLATINUM, SILVER,
TIN, TITANIUM, TUNGSTEN, URANIUM,
ZINC
ROCK TYPES
IGNEOUS
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
IGNEOUS ROCKS
FORM WHEN MAGMA OR LAVA COOLS
AND CRYSTALLIZES
COOLS RAPIDLY HAVE SMALL
CRYSTALS - EXTRUSIVE
COOLS SLOWLY HAVE LARGE
CRYSTALS - INTRUSIVE
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS COOL
SLOWLY IN THE CRUST (MAGMA)
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS COOL
RAPIDLY AT THE SURFACE (LAVA)
WHICH WILL HAVE THE LARGE
CRYSTAL SIZE?
CLASSIFYING IGNEOUS
ROCKS
MINERAL COMPOSITION
TEXTURE - OVERALL APPEARANCE OF
ROCK BASED ON SIZE &
ARRANGEMENT OF CRYSTALS
FINE-GRAINED
COARSE-GRAINED
PORPHYRITIC
GLASSY
GLASSY
FINE-GRAINED
COARSE-GRAINED
PORPHYRITIC
IGNEOUS ROCKS
GRANITE
BASALT
PUMICE
OBSIDIAN
RHYOLITE
RHYOLITE
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
BITS AND PIECES OF EXISTING ROCK
ARE TRANSPORTED THEN LITHIFIED
BY COMPRESSION, COMPACTION, AND
CEMENTATION
LAID DOWN IN HORIZONTALLY
LAYERED BEDS
ONLY ROCK TYPE TO CONTAIN
FOSSILS
CLASSIFYING SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
DETRITAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ORIGINATE AS SOLID PARTICLES
FROM WEATHERED ROCKS
CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS SOLUBLE MATERIAL PRODUCED BY
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
CLASSIFICATION BY
PARTICLE SIZE - DETRITAL
BOULDER, COBBLE, PEBBLE = GRAVEL
= CONGLOMERATE OR BRECCIA
SAND = SAND = SANDSTONE
SILT = MUD = SILTSTONE
CLAY = MUD = SHALE
GRAVEL-SIZED
SAND-SIZED
SILT-SIZED
CLAY-SIZED
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CONGLOMERATE
SANDSTONE
SILTSTONE
SHALE
LIMESTONE
PEAT MOSS & LIGNITE COAL
BITUMINOUS COAL
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
TRANSFORMED FROM PRE-EXISTING
ROCKS BY EITHER HEAT, PRESSURE,
OR CHEMICAL ACTION
FOLIATED (BANDS OR LAYERS) AND
NON-FOLIATED
FOLIATED
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
SLATE
SCHISTS
GNEISS
FOLIATED ROCK
NON-FOLIATED
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
MARBLE
QUARTZITE
NON-FOLIATED ROCK
OLD ROCK TO METAMORPHIC
EQUIVALENT
GRANITE BECOMES GNEISS
MICA BECOMES SCHIST
SHALE BECOMES SLATE
LIMESTONE BECOMES MARBLE
SANDSTONE BECOMES QUARTZITE
BITUMINOUS COAL BECOMES
ANTHRACITE COAL