The Ottoman Empire ended after WWI.
Tensions mount as new countries are
developed.
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The Ottoman Empire had grown steadily weaker
during the 19th century.
After the empire aligned with Germany in WWI,
British sent T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) to
support Arab nationalist activities there.
During WWI Ottomans committed genocide
(deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political,
or cultural group) on Armenians, killing 1 million
during 1915.
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WWI ended the rule of Ottoman Empire over the
Arabs – however Arabs were not a nation, united
by language and Islamic culture.
Hopes for independent countries ended when
League of Nations created Mandates for France
and Great Britain to oversee.
In essence, Europeans created national borders
with people in these states having no identification
with their new country.
Oil being discovered in 1930’s leads to floods of
Western investors coming to the Middle East
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Palestine had been home to the Jews
historically, but they were exiled in 1st century
AD and now Muslim Arabs were 80% of
population.
Zionist movement wanted to create a Jewish
state. During the 1930’s the Balfour Declaration
and Hitler’s killing of Jews led more Jewish
people to flee to Palestine.
Nationalism spread in Africa and Asia in the
early 20th century. Calls for independence came
from Western-educated leaders. Mohandas
Gandhi worked for independence in India.
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Black Africans fought in WWI and hoped for
independence, however Europe was not ready to
give up colonies (German colonies given to
Great Britain and France)
Africans being educated learned about ideas of
freedom, liberty, equality and nationalism.
WEB DuBois and March Garvey US leaders
influenced Pan-Africanism (unity of all African
nations).
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Mohandas Gandhi used civil disobedience and
non-violent resistance against laws he felt were
unjust against the Indians by British colonial rule
Gandhi preached love rather than hate and force as
well as noncooperation (make your own cloth,
food, salt, etc.).
1930 Gandhi held Salt March to protest salt tax and
British prohibiting Indians to make their own salt.
Gandhi and his followers are later arrested for this
act
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Early 20th century Japan had hard time finding raw
materials and foreign markets for their goods.
Before WWI Japan found markets by seizing territories
such as Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria
Japan and US agreed to Open Door Policy of trade in
the Pacific, but did not settle Japanese need for
resources needed for Japanese industry, mining,
manufacturing, and automobile making.
During 1930’s militant groups formed with the support
of Emperor Hirohito. By 1938 a military draft was put I
place, resources put under government control, all
political parties merged into one, labor unions
disbanded, and education and cultural ideas purged of
Western ideas.
Militant leaders stressed Japanese values and
expansion abroad
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1923 Nationalists and Communists formed an
alliance to drive the imperialists out of China.
Tensions grew between the two parties and
Communists had to go into hiding into the
North under the direction of Mao Zedong.
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By 1920 two political parties emerged to rule China: Sun
Yat-sen’s Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist
Party
The two parties worked together to drive imperialist
powers out of China
By 1925 Sun Yat-Sen died and Gen. Chiang Kai-shek
became head. He killed 1,000’s of Communists in the
Shanghai Massacre and alliance ceased.
Mao Zedong takes over control of Communist party. Mao
used guerrilla tactics to defeat Kai-shek’s vast army.
Communists surrounded Mao but he and his PLA went on
“Long March” through Nationalist lines to safety