About 10,000 years ago
People changed from nomadic
hunting & gathering to growing food
Cause: people learned how to grow
food & domesticate animals
Effect:Permanent homes &
villages in River Valleys,
Social classes emerged
1096-1291
Christians waged series
of holy wars against Muslims
for control of the Holy Land
Causes:Seljuk Turks took control of
Jerusalem. Pope calls on Christians of
Europe to recapture Holy Land
Effects: Cultural diffusion, Europe
exposed to new ideas & products,
increased Trade, Persecution of Christians,
Muslims, & Jews
1400’s
Rebirth of classical culture
& learning beginning in Italian
City- States
Cause:Wealthy Italian City-States,
monarchs, & artisans, Greek &
Roman influence,Population rebound,
Humanism, Secularism, Printing Press
Effects:Golden age of Arts, Literature, &
Science, authority of the church questioned,
DaVinci, Michelangelo, Shakespeare,etc.
Late 1400’s
European monarchs competed
for new trade routes & lands
Causes: Search for new trade
routes,advanced technology,
missionaries, desire for new products
Effects: Cultural diffusion,New
world, colonization, Columbian
exchange, rivalries
Columbus, Magellan, Da GAma
Renaissance through 1700’s
Rejection of traditional authority
in favor of direct observation
Causes: Curiosity inspired by
renaissance& exploration
Effects:Scientific method,use of Human
Reasoning, questioning previous thought,
advances in medicine, mathematics, &
astronomy, Law of Gravity, Enlightenment
Copernicus, Galileo, Newton
1517
Challenging the Church’s
authority leads to division
Cause: Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
protesting the sale of indulgences
Effects: Ended Religious unity in
Europe, formation of Protestantism,
religious wars between Catholics &
protestants, Counterreformation,
religious persecution, rise of royal
power
1700’s
Intellectual movement also known as the
Age of Reason
Causes: Scientific Revolution
(Reasoning), Applied Scientific to
understand people & improve society
Effects: Inspired a belief in personal
freedom & equality,Challenged long held
beliefs,Laid the foundations for modern
governments,Inspired Revolutions,Reforms
of society,Nationalism
1789-1799
Revolution overthrows
the Old Regime (Estates)
Causes: Inequality among classes,unfair
tax system,Bankrupt government,
enlightenment ideas, weak ruler
Effects:Decline in French Power,Spread
of Enlightenment ideas,Growth of
Nationalism,Spread of Democratic
ideas,Revolutions in Europe & Latin
America
Began in the 1750’s in England
(natural Resources)
Means of production shifted from hand
tools to complex machine, Innovations in
power( End of domestic system)
Cause: Agrarian Revolution, Population
Explosion, Energy Revolution
Effects- Mass production,Urbanization,
imperialism,Socialism, rise of capitalism,
Trade Unions, reform laws,New class
structure, upset balance of power
1914-1919 Allies vs.
Central Powers
Causes: MANIA
Effects:New Technology/
Mass Death & destruction/famine
Huge War debts/reparations
End of major empires
Treaty of Versailles leads to
WWII
1917
Change from Czarist Rule to
democracy to Communism
Cause: Economic differences,
Tsarist rule, Pogroms, Russification
Russo -Japanese War ,WWI
Effects: Czar abdicates,
Provisional government, Lenin
“Peace, Bread , Land” Leads to
communist government, Czar
executed, NEP, Civil War, Stalin
1939-1945
Axis Powers vs. Allied Powers
Causes: Harshness of Treaty of
Versailles,Rise of Dictators,
Failure of League of Nations &
Appeasement, Nazi & Japanese
Aggression,
Effects: Defeat of Dictatorships,
decline of colonialism,Atomic
bomb, Holocaust,The UN, Rise of
Superpowers & the Cold War
1945-1991
Years of Tension/competition
US vs., USSR,No direct Confrontation
 Causes-Differing political & Economic
ideologies, Soviet domination of Europe
Effects-Vietnam, Korea, Cuba,Space,
Berlin Wall & Arms Race, NATO, Warsaw
Pact, Collapse of Communism & the USSR
After 1940
Aimed @ developing
better food production in
developing countries
Cause: World Hunger
& malnutrition,
population increasing
quicker than food supply
Effect: New high yield
crops & fertilizers,
Advances continue
Late 20th Century
Continuous progress in
science & technology
Cause- Scientific
advancement
Effect: Computer
Revolution, Automation,
advances in medicine,
Transportation, &
communication, Space
exploration