Describe the inventions of
Thomas Edison.
So you like to jam to your tunes?
From
Say thank you
Thomas Edison!!
to…..
So you want to chill & kick with a movie?
From
Say thank you
Thomas Edison!!
to…
So you like light?
Just say thank you to Thomas Edison!!
I. New Inventions
(late 1800’s, early 1900’s)
A. Light Bulb
B. Phonograph (record player)
C. Kinetoscope (Motion Picture)
II. Railroads Impact on
the Nation
A. Encouraged new innovation
1. Refrigerated railcars (ice cream on a train!!)
2. Telegraph system (like texting old school train style)
3. Airbrakes (stops better, smoother, saves your life)
B. Established time zones (We are EST…you are halfway
through your day…your cali peeps are in homeroom
saying the pledge!)
C. Made travel between towns easier
D. Transports large amounts of goods quickly & efficiently
(means cheaper prices for you!! Also, Lincoln’s secret
weapon for this reason).
II. Railroads Impact on the Nation
continued…
E. Businesses could obtain raw materials & sell to
large numbers of people
F. Led to mass production (industrialization)
G. Helped settle the west
 Railroad companies sold the fertile land cheaply
 Cattle ranchers and farmers used the plains to graze their
herds and grow their crops, then used railroad to ship
their products.
III. Transcontinental Railroad
Central Pacific
Union Pacific
Owned by Jay Gould
Owned by
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Chinese Immigrant
Irish Immigrants
Sacramento, CA
Omaha, NE
Promontory Point, UT
May 10, 1869
RESULTS of the
Transcontinental Railroad
3 Part Library video series
Industrialization and Urbanization video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21bQiTxUar4
RESULTS of the
Transcontinental Railroad
– Transporting goods was easier
– Linked new markets
– Unified the nation
Also led to Big Business & America’s
Monopolies
Gould & Vanderbilt were among a group of
wealthy businessmen called
ROBBER BARONS
Goals of Robber Barons
1. Eliminate Competition
2. Create a monopoly ( just like the
game…total control of an industry)
The Triumph of Industry
Life in 1865
Life in 1900
The Growth of Big
Business
Business Leaders of the Late 1800s
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Robber Barons?
Drained the country of its
natural resources
Persuaded officials to
interpret laws in their favor
Paid their workers meager
wages
Workers forced to work in
dangerous and unhealthy
conditions
Swindled the poor
Charged unfair prices
Used Trusts & Monopolies to
destroy other competitors
•
•
•
•
•
Captains of Industry?
Increased the supply of goods
by building factories
Provided jobs that allowed
Americans to buy their goods
Founded and funded
museums, libraries, and
universities
Innovations & businesses
allowed the US economy to
grow
Philanthropy (giving $ to
charity)
Andrew Carnegie
• Emigrated to the U.S. in 1848; used money earned as superintendent of
PA railroad to invest in steel mills
• Established Carnegie Steel Company, drove competitors out of business,
and soon controlled the entire steel industry
• Bought the iron ore mines, mills,
shipping and rail lines to transport
his steel products to market
• Philanthropist: gave away $350 million
• “Gospel of wealth”: free to make money and
should give it away
JP Morgan
• Born to life of leisure
• Worked to get
European investors for
business growth
• Loaned money to US
Government
• Kept it all
• Least amount of $$ of
robber barons
Cornelius
Vanderbilt
• Converted shipping empire to the new and
upcoming railroad system
• When he died at 84 yrs worth 100 Million
• Left One million to Vanderbilt University
• Remnants of railroad system now part of
AMTRAK
• Biltmore estate was his family’s “summer”
home
BILTMORE…SUMMER GET AWAY!
The Standard Oil Trust
I would rather earn 1% off a 100 people's efforts than 100%
of my own efforts.
John D. Rockefeller
• Edwin L. Drake struck oil in Titusville, PA in 1858.
• John D. Rockefeller set up a refinery in Ohio in
•
•
•
•
1863.
He undersold his competitors and bought them out.
In 1882 the owners of Standard Oil and other companies
combined their operations, appointing nine trustees.
Rockefeller controlled the trust
Forty companies joined the trust and controlled the
nations oil, limiting competition
1890 Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act,
outlawing any combination of companies that restrained
commerce; proved ineffective for 15 years.
What Is Progress? What power do people have
when the govt makes laws you don’t agree
with?
• Initiative-process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly
on the ballot
(U want a law….take the initiative & put it on the
ballot!!) Ex. MADD (mothers against drunk driving) drunk driving
laws, Hate Crime laws…public initiatives
• Referendum-process in which citizens can approve or reject a law
passed by a legislature (U don’t like a law your govt passed? You be
the ref & decide!) Ex. Gay marriage in California, Legalizing
marijuana in Cali (failed)
• Recall-voters can remove elected officials from office (you don’t like
your rep…recall their booty out of office) Ex. Governor Gray Davis in
Cali got recalled & in the interim election …the terminator gets
elected.
V. Labor Force
The Growing Work Force
• 14 million immigrants
between 1860 and 1900
• Contract Labor Act, 1864
• 8 to 9 million moved to
the cities
• Every family member
worked; little relief for
the poor
Factory Work
•
•
•
•
Boring, repetitive work in
dangerous working conditions
(low light, no ventilation,
crowded) for low pay & long
hours
Piecework: fixed amount for
each finished piece produced
Frederick Winslow Taylor
increased efficiency, The
Principles of Scientific
Management
Division of Labor: workers
performed one small task, over
and over
• Remember: Carnegie
gave how many days
off a year? How
many hours a day?
Families Working in the Factories….Working
Women and Children
• Women operated simple
machines and had no
chance to advance
• Children made up more
than 5 % of the labor
force
• Both Parents worked as
well as children (stunted
in body and mind)
• Jacob Riis attacked child
labor in Children of the
Poor
“The Great Strikes”
Gulf Between Rich and Poor
• Collective Bargaining: negotiating as a group for higher
wages & better working conditions
• Socialism: economic and political philosophy that favors
public or social control of property and income, not private
control
Rise of Labor Unions
• National Trades Union, 1834; ended with Panic of 1837
• National Labor Union, 1866; failed during a depression
• Knights of Labor, 1869; men, women, skilled and unskilled;
Terence Powderly wanted equal pay, 8 hour day, end to child
labor; disappeared by 1890s
• American Federation of Labor, 1886; Samuel Gompers
wanted skilled workers only; supported collective
bargaining, negotiation between labor and employers,
wanted shorter hours & better pay…women & afams not
included.
• The Wobblies (Industrial Workers of the World), many
Socialists, radical union of unskilled workers such as miners,
lumbermen, migrant farm workers, textile workers
Reaction of Employers
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Feared unions
Tactics to stop unions
Forbade union meetings
Fired union organizers
“Yellow dog” contracts – promised never to join a
union
Refused collective bargaining
Refused to recognize unions as workers’
representatives
Strikes Rock the Nation
• Haymarket Riot, 1886, at Chicago’s McCormick reaper
factory; bomb killed seven policemen, gunfire killed
dozens. Eight anarchists, radicals who oppose all
government, were tried for conspiracy to commit
murder.
• Pullman, 1894, Eugene V. Debs called for a boycott of
Pullman cars. Disrupted western railroad traffic. Federal
troops sent to see that mail got through. Set pattern for
the employers to get court orders against unions.
EFFECT: Government opposition limited union gains for
more than 30 years
The Gilded Age 1
IMMIGRATION,
AND URBAN LIFE
THE GILDED AGE
• The Period between 1877–1900 is known as
“The Gilded Age”
– Gilded means covered in a thin layer of gold
– Term first used by American writer Mark Twain
• During the Gilded Age, America‘s big
businesses
prospered
• Beneath this layer of prosperity were the
problems of poverty, discrimination and
corruption
POLITICS and ECONOMICS
IN THE GILDED AGE
• During the late 1800s, big business attempted to
dominated American economics and politics
– Laissez-Faire economics
– Spoils system/patronage-based politics
The Way We Were in The Gilded Age: 1877-1901
Who We Were
How We Lived
1880
1890
1900
1880
1890
1900
Population (millions)
50.2
63.0
76.0
Gallon of milk
$0.16
$0.17
$0.30
Pop. per sq. mile
16.9
21.2
25.6
Loaf of bread
$0.02
$0.02
$0.03
Percent rural
71.8
%
64.9
%
60.4%
New auto
N/A
N/A
$500
Percent urban
28.2
%
35.1
%
39.6%
Gallon of gas
N/A
N/A
$0.05
Percent native born
94.4
%
87.1
%
84.4%
New house
$4,50
0
$5,80
0
$4,00
0
Percent immigrant
5.6%
12.9
%
15.6%
Average income
$480
$660
$637
PEOPLE ON THE MOVE!!!
•During the late 1800s and early 1900s, immigrants from
around the world came to the United States in search of a
Northern and Central Europe
better life.
56%
Southern and Eastern Europe
32%
The Americas 9%
Asia 2 %
Oceania .2%
Africa .1%
Immigration to the United States by
Region, 1871–1920
Old Immigrants
New Immigrants
Place of Origin
Northern & Western
Europe (England &
Scandinavia)
Southern & Eastern Europe
(Italy, Spain), Asia
Language
English
Native Tongue
Religion
Protestant
Roman Catholic
Race
White
White, Yellow
Where they settled
East Coast, 13 colonies
50% in cities (Boston, NY,
Chicago, Philadelphia)
Integration
Melting Pot (blended
together)
Salad Bowl (separate)
The Immigrant Experience
• Most immigrants still came from Europe
• Crossed the Atlantic Ocean and arrived in New York- The
Golden Door
– 1-3 weeks on a ship
– Most traveled in steerage
• Crowded lower berths
• Think Leo in Titanic!
– Almost 70% arrived through New York
– Most settled with others of same ethnicity
• Neighborhoods of ethnic groups developed in Boston, New York,
Philadelphia…
Why were the immigrants resented?
1. They work for lower pay during strikes
2. They lived in cities and were highly visible.
•
The
Immigrant
Experience
Path of acceptance was more difficult for Asians
– Most arrived in San Francisco, Angel Island
– The Golden Gate
• After the gold rush, Chinese immigrants worked
as agricultural laborers, on railroad construction
crews throughout the West, and in low-paying
industrial jobs.
– Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
• This Act virtually ended Chinese
immigration for nearly a century
– Asian Segregation of Asian children in schools
in 1906
• Japanese complained of mistreatment
• “The Gentlemen’s Agreement” was passed in
1907 ending segregation
• The Chinese
Question
• Harper’s Weekly
REACTIONS TO
IMMIGRANTS
Nativists
Try to restrict immigration,
believe government
should support nativeborn Americans over
immigrants
Temperance Movement/
Purity Crusaders
Settlement Movement
Try to ban alcohol, drugs,
gambling, and prostitution
Try to help immigrants
improve their lives by
offering education, child
care, and health care
THE CHALLENGE OF THE CITIES
• The arrival of
millions of new
residents brought
progress, poverty,
and political
changes to
American cities.
State Street, Chicago, 1905
•
How
Cities
Grew
Suburbs – residential
communities
– People that could afford it moved
out and took horse drawn
carriages in
• Motorized Transportation
– Subways, trolley cars, elevated
trains (El), automobile
• Growing Upward
– Skyscrapers
– Chicago’s Home Insurance
Company building was the first 10
story building
From Farms to Cities
• Women were
needed less
• New Machines
replaced laborers
• 1880-1910
population on farms
fell from 72 to 54
percent
• African Americans
migrated north
New York by George Bellows
Urban Living Conditions
• Tenements
– Speculators built tenements and packed
many people in them
– Created slums
– Go to :
http://www.history.com/videos/deadrabbit-gang-battles-bowery-boys
– Slum Conditions
– Poverty, overcrowding, neglect, fire danger
• Ghettos
– Slums where one ethnic or racial group
dominated
– Restrictive covenants – don’t let certain
people buy land
• Jacob Riis
– worked to improve the lives of the urban poor
– NY passed first laws to improve tenements b/c of
Riis
The Results of City Growth
Rise of Political Bosses
• Political Machine
– Unofficial city organization designed to keep a particular
party in power
– Usually headed by a powerful “boss”
– “Boss” would handpick candidates for local office in return
for economic favors
– Supported by immigrants and poor people
– Graft – using one’s job to gain profits
• William “Boss” Tweed
– Controlled Tammany Hall in New York
– Ran New York’s Democratic Party
Ideas for Reform




The desire to improve conditions in American cities led to the
formation of new reform groups
Charity Organization Movement
 Making charity scientific (like welfare system)
 Kept details of who received help so that they knew who was
worthy of help or not
 Many expected immigrant to adopt American middle class
standards of living
The Social Gospel movement
 Applied religious principles of charity and justice for the poor
 Supported labor reforms and improved living conditions
Settlement Movement (Jane Addams/Ellen Gates Starr)
 Created “settlement houses” to offer social services and to help
the poor, HULL HOUSE
African-Americans
in the Progressive Era
• Plessy vs. Ferguson- Separate, but equal is
legal.
• NAACP: National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
• Purpose: To ensure economic, social, political
and educational equality for minority groups
in America.
• Go through the legal system (courts) to make
change
"My lands are where my dead lie buried"
-Crazy Horse
"I wish it to be remembered that I was the last
man of my tribe to surrender my rifle."
-Sitting Bull
“Hurrah, boys! We've got them!”
- General George Custer at the Battle of Little Big Horn
Land for Sale!!
 Pacific Railway Acts of
1862 and 1864 gave the
Union Pacific and Central
Pacific railroad
companies 10 square
miles on each side of the
tracks.
 They sold land to settlers
who wanted farms
 Very profitable for
railroads AND the lucky
few who got this land
Geronimo
• Famous Apache warrior
– Was born in 1829 in what today is New
Mexico
• One of the most pivotal moments in
Geronimo's life was in 1858 when he
returned home from a trading excursion into
Mexico.
– He found his wife, his mother and his three
young children murdered by Spanish troops
from Mexico.
– This reportedly caused him to have such a
hatred of the whites that he vowed to kill as
many as he could.
• From that day on he took every opportunity
he could to terrorize Mexican settlements
and soon after this incident he received his
“power”, which supposedly came to him in
visions
• After the area was claimed by the US,
Geronimo led a band of Apache against
these “outsiders” in 1865
Rage Among the Apache,
Cheyenne, Sioux, and Navahos
• Geronimo and the Navajo and
Apache wars continued until
Geronimo surrendered in 1886
• The Cheyenne were attacked by the
US army at Sand Creek in Colorado,
with as many as 450 dead.
• The First Sioux War in 1865 occurred
when the government decided to
build a road through Sioux lands
– That ended when the Sioux
agreed to return to their
reservation
Face-Off Between the
Cultures
• The Second Sioux War
began in 1875 when miners
went to the Black Hills in
South Dakota and Chief
Sitting Bull left the
reservation again
– The American Army was
called in to bring him
back…they called on
General George Custer
for the job
The Black Hills of
North Dakota
Chief Sitting Bull
•Sitting Bull was born
around 1831 on the Grand
River in present-day South
Dakota
•Sitting Bull was given the
name Tatanka-Iyotanka,
which describes a buffalo
bull sitting intractably on
its haunches.
• It was a name he would
live up to throughout his
life.
Chief Sitting Bull
• Sitting Bull's courage was
legendary.
• Once, in 1872, during a battle
with soldiers protecting
railroad workers on the
Yellowstone River, Sitting Bull
led four other warriors out
between the lines, sat calmly
sharing a pipe with them as
bullets buzzed around.
• He carefully reamed the pipe
out when they were finished,
and then casually walked
away.
The 2 Leaders Meet
• In the summer of 1876
Custer was sent from Fort
Abraham Lincoln to capture
Sitting Bull and his band of
Sioux
• On the verge of what
seemed to him a certain
and glorious victory for
both the United States and
himself, Custer ordered an
immediate attack on a
Sioux village.
Custer’s Last Stand
• The attack was one the
greatest fiascos of the
United States Army.
• Thousands of Lakota,
Cheyenne and Arapaho
warriors forced Custer's unit
back onto a long, dusty ridge
parallel to the Little Bighorn,
surrounded the soldiers and
killed all 200+ American
soldiers.
The Battlefield Today
Paintings of Little Big Horn usually depict Custer as a gallant
victim, surrounded by bloodthirsty savages intent upon his
annihilation.
They Won the Battle, but Lost
their Culture
• Usually
forgotten was
the other side
of the story,
and that most
of Indians
present were
forced to
surrender
within a year of
their greatest
battlefield
triumph.
Sitting Bull is finally Captured
• Sitting Bull thought by
winning this battle, the
U.S. government would
leave him alone, but the
fight had just begun.
• As the battles continued,
many of Sitting Bull's
followers surrendered.
– However, Sitting Bull did not
give up.
• In 1877, Sitting Bull and his
followers escaped into
Canada.
• However within four years,
famine forced them to
surrender.
Sitting Bull’s Later Years
• Sitting Bull was held as a
prisoner of war for two
years.
• In 1885, Sitting Bull
joined Buffalo Bill's Wild
West Show and traveled
throughout the United
States and Canada.
The Fate of Indian Territory
• Nearly 70 Indian nations had been
forced onto Indian Reservations
• The Native American cultures were
shattered
– Farming tribes were left with no land
to farm
– Herding tribes were left with no land
to herd
– The result was heartbreaking as
these tribes were forced to integrate
on strange lands with little resources
• In 1889 Congress opened the
confiscated 2 million acres to settlers
• Some Indian leaders led rebellions to
no avail
The Ghost
Dance
• When Sitting Bull returned to the reservation in
1889, many natives had joined a new religion called
the Ghost Dance.
• They believed an Indian messiah would return their
lands and remove the whites.
Massacre at Wounded Knee
• White officials became
alarmed at the religious
fervor and activism and in
December 1890 banned the
Ghost Dance on Lakota
reservations.
• When the rites continued,
officials called in troops to the
reservations in South Dakota.
• The resulting massacre, which
lasted less than an hour,
found at least 150 Indians had
been killed and 50 wounded.
• In comparison, army
casualties were 25 killed and
39 wounded.
Dawes Act
• In February 1887, Henry Dawes persuaded
Congress to pass legislation that became known as
the Dawes Plan.
– The plan said that Native Americans should be granted
land in exchange for renouncing tribal allegiances.
• Under the terms of this legislation all family heads
received one hundred acres, and each dependent
child 40 acres.
– This land was held in trust for 25 years, at the end of
which time the holder was to acquire full title with the
right to sell.
• That Native Americans who received this land
were also granted citizenship and full political
rights.
Results of Dawes Act
• The Dawes Act was disastrous for most Native
Americans.
– The Act forced Native people onto small tracts of
land distant from their kin relations.
– The allotment policy depleted the land base,
ending hunting as a means of subsistence.
– Traditionally women were the agriculturists while
the men were the hunters and warriors.
• Far from making them self-reliant farmers, it
shattered one of the main pillars of their culture-community property.
• Besides the loss of identity, most lost their
livelihoods when they could not make the transition
to individualized, self-sufficient agricultural farming.
The Death of
Sitting Bull
• Because of this new religion,
Indian police arrested Sitting
Bull on December 15, 1890
as a precaution.
• They planned to send Sitting
Bull to prison, but when his
warriors attempted to
rescue him, he was killed.
• He was buried at Fort Yates.
• In 1953, his remains were
moved to Mobridge, South
Dakota.
Crazy Horse
• Crazy Horse was a legendary Lakota
(Sioux) warrior
• Even as a young man, he stole horses
from the Crow Indians before he was
thirteen, and led his first war party
before turning twenty
• Crazy Horse earned his reputation not
only by his skill and daring in battle but
also by his fierce determination to
preserve his people's traditional way
of life.
• There are no pictures of Crazy
Horse…he never allowed it.
The Death of Crazy Horse
• He was killed on
September 6 under
strange circumstances at
Fort Robinson, Nebraska.
• He fought his entire life
for the preservation of
the land and culture of
the Sioux Indians.
South Dakota…
Home to Two Monuments ??
Crazy Horse Monument
• The Crazy Horse Memorial is
a memorial to the famous
Native American leader
• The form is of a huge statue
of the rider on horseback
carved from the side of a
mountain.
http://www.crazyhorse.org/
Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce
• The Nez Perce tribe was located in
what is today Oregon and
Washington
• When young members of the tribe
attacked white settlers, the settlers
vowed to get revenge
• They fled, but were attacked by US
troops at Big Hole Basin
– Men, women, and children were
killed
• Chief Joseph tried to escape with
his people and got to within 40
miles of Canada when he was
captured
– “I am tired of fighting”
• Finally settled on a reservation in
Washington State
Native Cultures Destroyed
•
•
•
•
Most leaders dead or under
arrest
Buffalo killed off
Native Americans are
forbidden to practice their
religions
The abuse of the Dawes Act
resulted in the loss of much
of their lands
• The amount of land
owned by Indians shrank
by 65% by 1934.