How do humans get the energy
they need to do cellular work!
Examples of Cellular Work
An analogy of energy in living
things
• Which is glycogen? Glucose? ATP?
• Which one is most useful if you want to get a
gumball?
A word about ATP
• You cannot eat ATP!!!
• ATP is not found in
your blood (at least
not in any large
amount)
• ATP must be made by
individual cell’s where
it is needed!
ATP vs. ADP
So how do your individual cells get
what they need?
• They need: Glucose & Oxygen
• They need to get rid of: Water and Carbon
Dioxide
• They need:
– Respiratory System
– Circulatory System
Respiratory Systems
• Help organisms get gases into their bodies
• Must be moist—take O2 from either water or
air.
Human Respiratory System
Organization
Negative Pressure Breathing
• Inhalation
– Think band or chorus—sit up straight!
• Exhalation
– Think of Heimlich maneuver
What would happen if there was a hole in your lungs?
Why do you breathe?
• Brain stem—pons
• Receptors
respond to
increase in CO2
concentration
• Tell diaphragm to
contract.
Structure Meets Function
Circulatory System
• Transport of materials to and from cells.
Organization of the Heart
• Left vs. Right
• Atria vs. Ventricle
• Role of Valves
Organization of Blood
• Red Blood Cells
• White Blood Cells
• Platelets
Organization of Blood
• Thymus-Maturation of
T-cells. A “lymph node”
• Spleen-Breakdown of
old RBC’s
What controls your heartbeat?
• Pacemaker
• Systole—Contraction of heart chambers
(higher pressure
• Diastole—Filling of heart chambers (lower
pressure)
Structure Meets Function
Structure Meets Function
• Hemoglobin
– 4 “hemes” (iron)
bind O2
– Changes shape
when pH is
lowered
– Does not bind CO2
well; binds CO
very strongly.
How does CO2
travel?
• CO2 combines with
water and forms
carbonic acid.
• Lots of CO2 formed in
exercise can lower blood
pH from 7.4 to 7.2.
• Helps hemoglobin
release O2 at body’s
tissues.
Formative Assessments
• Structure Meets Function
• Organization—what links the two systems!!!
Cellular Respiration
• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/2
9543-assignment-discovery-cellularrespiration-video.htm
• From the video you should determine:
– Where does cellular respiration happen?
– What are the main steps in the process?
What do the materials do when they
get to the body’s cells?
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Part
Glycolysis
Krebs
Electron
Transport
Chain
Where?
Reactants
Products
Amount of
ATP
Produced
Key Role in
the Process
Glycolysis
• What is
happening
to glucose?
• Why is
energy
needed to
make
energy?
Krebs Cycle
• How many times
per glucose?
• How many ATP
per glucose?
• What waste
product is given
off?
• What happens
to FAD and
NAD+?
Electron carriers are the link
• Reduced by
gaining electons
from hydrogen.
• Bring electrons
from Krebs to the
Electron transport
chain
Electron Transport Chain
• Electron transport chain:
–
–
–
–
–
NADH and FADH2 source of electrons.
Electrons passed from protein to protein.
H+ (protons) build up on one side of the membrane
When H+ fall through ATP synthase, ATP is produced
Must have O2 to flow.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
How does carbon monoxide poisoning cause you
to pass out and eventually die?
1. Colorless odor less gas breathed in.
2. Enters alveoli and binds hemoglobin
200X stronger than oxygen
3. Makes it to the cells.
4. Electron transport chain shuts down.
5. ATP production ceases.
6. If CO is not replaced with O2 over time
mitochondria will self-destruct.
Prevention and Treatment
• Hyperbaric oxygen
chamber
What if there is no oxygen?
• Glycolysis ONLY produces ATP!
• “anaerobic” respiration
– To return NADH to NAD+:
• Alcoholic fermentation
– Pyruvate Ethyl alcohol and CO2
• Lactic acid fermentation
– PyruvateLactic Acid
Unity and Diversity
• Which is more efficient at getting ATP from
glucose? Aerobic Respiration or Fermentation
• What types of organisms can get enough
energy from fermentation?
• What type of fermentation can humans do?
When do you think this happens? Does it
work long term?
Lactic Acid Fermentation
• When would Michael Phelps use lactic acid
fermentation? When would his muscles need
to rely on aerobic respiration?
• Why would most runners/swimmers be better
at either endurance or sprinting and not both?
Formative Assessment
• Respiration is a misleading term. Respiration
could mean:
– Anaerobic Respiration
– Aerobic Respiration
– Human Respiration
Explain how even though these are different things,
they are all happening in the body of a world-class
sprinter as he/she races for the finish line.
Use these ideas to help form the intro to your lab!