Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Republic
Established in 1911
Sun Yatsen Served
as president
Established the
Guomindang or
Nationalist Party.
Formation of the Chinese
Republic
The Qing Dynasty had been in power since
1644
The people of China, under nationalist leader
Sun Yixian, demanded:
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“Nationalism”  The end of foreign domination &
influence
“Democracy”  Formation of a representative
government
“People’s Livelihood”  A modernized &
industrialized economy to provide security for the
people of China
Formation of the Chinese Republic
Sun Yixian (Yatsen)
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Leader of the Kuomintang
Kuomintang  China’s Nationalist Party
Overthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes
China’s first president, but…
“The Chinese people…do not have national spirit.
Therefore, even though we have four hundred
million people gathered together in China…they
are just a heap of loose sand.”
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Sun could not unite China
Turns over presidency to a top general who overturns
democratic reforms
China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by
warlords
World War I & The Treaty of
Versailles
In 1917, China declares war on Germany
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China believed by fighting for the allies that at the
end of the war, territories controlled by Germany
would be returned to the people of China
Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German
territory
Three Principles of the
Republic
Nationalism
Democracy
Livelihood
Chiang Kai-Shek
Chiang Kai-shek & the
Nationalists
After Sun Yixian’s
death in 1925, Jiang
Jieshi becomes the
head of the
Kuomintang
Jiang
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Feared communism
Supported by
bankers and
businessmen
Over saw a corrupt
government
Chaing Kai-Shek
Emerged as the
leader of the
Nationalist Party
after the death of
Sun Yatsen in 1925.
By 1928 Chaing KaiShek brought China
under his control.
The Communist Party in China
Many intellectual Chinese turned
against Western Democracy (as you
might imagine they would considering
how the democracies treated China
Communist Party
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Lead by former university asst. librarian
Mao Zedong
Influence by the Russian Revolutions of
1917
The Chinese Communist Party
Established in 1921
Challenged the
authority of the
Nationalists.
Mao Zedong
Student of Marxism
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However, he believed the
communist revolutions would not
begin with urban factory workers,
but with RURAL PEASANTS
“The force of the peasantry is like
that of the raging winds and
driving rain. It is rapidly
increasing in violence. No force
can stand in its way. The
peasantry will tear apart all nets
which bind it…They will bury
beneath them all forces of
imperialism, militarism, corrupt
officialdom, village bosses and evil
gentry.”
Mao Zedong
Emerged as the
communist leader in
China.
Mao believed that
communist success
depended on
gaining the support
of the peasants.
Chinese Civil War
Chaing Kai Shek starts a campaign against
communists
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Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the
Communist Party and union members on the city
streets of Shanghai
Nearly wipes out all members of the Communist Party
In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang
Jieshi as president of China
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The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of
Communist Party in China
Chinese Civil War
The Long March
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Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists
and surrounds them
100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000
mile-journey (The Long March)
Tens of thousands die due to
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Starvation
Battle wounds
Exposure to the cold
Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the
caves of northwestern China.
The Long March
In 1934 the
communists led by
Mao fled from
Nationalist armies
more than 6000
miles to The remote
province of Shaanxi.
Red Army soldiers marching part of the 6,000 miles
Luding Bridge
Red Army troops crossing the snowy mountains
Cave dwellings in Shaanxi
Mao on the Long March
Communist leader addresses the survivors of the Long March
Chinese Civil War
Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting
peasants
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Established themselves in the countryside
of south-central China
Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with
help from Soviet Union
Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after
them, but can’t completely wipe them
out due to guerilla warfare
The Manchurian Incident
The Mukden Incident,
also known as the
Manchurian Incident,
was a staged event
engineered by Japanese
military personnel as a
pretext for invading the
northern part of China,
known as Manchuria, in
1931.
In 1931, Japan was in the need of natural resources.
They tried to find resources in other countries, but
without good production in their own country they
couldn't afford it. The little resources they had,
needed to be used on themselves. They had interest
in a small piece of land in China called Manchuria.
The Japanese needed an excuse to invade the land
so they placed a bomb in the railway tracks of one of
their own stations. Then, they blamed this attack on
China. In response, the Japanese took control of
Manchuria, obtaining the natural resources they
needed.
Manchuria – was rich in natural resources (iron and
coal) that Japan needed to support its industry. Japan
created a puppet state called Manchukuo .
Japanese Invasion
In 1937 the
Japanese launched
an all-out war
against China.
The Nationalists and
Communists joined
together to battle
the Japanese.
Chinese Civil War: Japanese
Invasion
Time Out!!!
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The Civil War between the
Nationalists and Red armies
is suspended
JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA
IN 1931
By 1937 Japan invades all of
China
Nationalists and Communists
unite to repel Japanese
invasion
TO BE CONTINUED AFTER
WORLD WAR II…
Japanese troops entering Shenyang
Communist Victory
After WWII the
Nationalists and
Communists
resumed their civil
war.
In 1949 Communists
soldiers swept into
Beijing.
The Peoples Republic of China
In 1949 Mao
announced the birth
of The Peoples
Republic of China.
Chaing Kai-Shek
and the Nationalists
fled to Taiwan.
The Great Leap Forward
Mao’s plan to
increase industrial
and agricultural
output.
Communes were
created.
Communes were
given production
quotas.
Mao Zedong and the
Cultural Revolution
Introduction
The Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution (无产阶级文化大革命), was
started in 1966.
It was set up to secure Maoism and
eliminate Political Opponents.
It officially ended in 1969, when Mao
himself admitted that the revolution
had ended.
Over this period of three years, many
died and millions more imprisoned.
The leaders of the Cultural Revolution
remained in power, even after the end
of the Revolution.
The period is widely considered to
have been a period of economic
stagnation.
A short intro to the Red Guard
The Red Guard is the name given to
the hundreds of thousands of students
who left their schools to spread Mao’s
message; that the Moderates were
bringing China down the ‘Capitalist
Road’, and needed to return to pure
Communism once again
They were responsible for a majority
of the chaos created during the
Cultural Revolution
They traveled the countryside and
visited factories, etc. to spread the
message
At the end of the Cultural Revolution,
they were sent to the countryside to
‘learn from the peasants’
Influence – The Red Guard
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They had the workers arrange
meetings so frequent that production
came to a standstill
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Anyone who complained was accused
of being a bourgeois, etc.
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Vandalism was also common, as the
Red Guard started to stamp out
authorities, like the leader of the
factory, etc.
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High levels of violence ensued
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This meant that national output fell
dramatically during the course of the
Cultural Revolution
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This caused the Chinese economy to
be crippled through the three-year
duration of the Cultural Revolution
Influence - Political
Later, the Gang of Four, especially
Jiang Qing considered everything as
Capitalist; they condemned a basic
theory that production power decided
the relation of production to the
character of the society as
‘Revisionism’; in a sense referring to
looking back to the past.
They agitated workers openly by
saying ‘[not to] fear to stop production
and work’.
They disliked modernism; they
referred the introduction of
technological plants as ‘worshipping
and toadying to foreign countries’.
Most workers complained about the
Four’s policies, and made an effort to
produce. However, a decline in
production was impossible, with their
constant exposure to slogans created
by Jiang's groups
The Cultural Revolution
1966
Renew communist
loyalties
Red Guards attacked
professors and other
officials.
China closes to the
outside world.
People fear arrest or
exile.
Social Reforms
Women received
equality under the
law.
Literacy increased.
China After Mao
Great Leap led to disaster.
Cultural Revolution created chaos in
China.
Many lost faith in their hero Mao
Zedong.
Mao died in 1976
The Invasion of Manchuria
September 19, 193: two artillery pieces installed at the Mukden officers' club opened
up on the Chinese garrison nearby.
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response to the alleged Chinese attack on the railway.
Zhang Xueliang's small air force was destroyed: 500 Japanese troops attacked aprox.
7000 Chinese soldiers
Japanese had occupied Mukden at the cost of 500 Chinese and only 2 Japanese lives.
19 Septembe, Mukden was declared secure.
aircraft from the Chosen Army were landing at Mukden airport.
Zhang Xueliang, under implicit instructions from Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist
Government to stick to a nonresistance policy,
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It had already urged his men not put up a fight, and to store away any weapons
in case the Japanese invaded.
Therefore, the Japanese soldiers continued to occupy and garrison the major cities
of Changchun, Antung, and their surrounding areas with minimal difficulty.
November: Ma Zhanshan, the acting governor of Heilongjiang, began resistance with
his provincial arm.
January: Generals Ting Chao and Li Du with their local Jilin provincial forces.
Within 5 months of the Mukden Incident, the Imperial Japanese Army had overrun all
major towns and cities in the provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang.
Controversy
• Different opinions still exist as to who blew up the
Japanese railroad at Mukden.
• Strong evidence points to young officers of the
Japanese Kwantung Army having conspired to cause
the blast, with or without direct orders from Tokyo.
• Post-war investigations also stated that the original
bomb planted by the Japanese failed to explode and
a replacement had to be planted.
• The resulting explosion enabled the Japanese
Kwantung Army to accomplish their goal of invading
Manchuria and the subsequent establishment of the
puppet state of Manchukuo.
On September 18, 1931, a small quantity of
dynamite was detonated by Lt. Kawamoto
Suemori close to a railroad owned by Japan's
South Manchuria Railway near Mukden (now
Shenyang).Although the explosion was so weak
that it failed to destroy the lines and a train
passed minutes later, the Imperial Japanese
Army, accusing Chinese dissidents of the act,
responded with a full invasion that led to the
occupation of Manchuria, in which Japan
established its puppet state of Manchukuo six
months later.