What is matter made up of?
Matter is made of elements
 An element is made of tiny particles
 All elements is made up of tiny particles
 Particles in matter posses kinetic energy
and are constantly moving in a random
manner.

Example of matter
Calcium
 Gold
 Nickel
 Sulfur

Nickel
Calcium
Gold
Sulfur
Evidence for moving particles
Diffusion is the process by which
particles of matter fill a space because
of random motion.
 Movement of particles is always from a
region of higher concentration to one of
lower concentration.

Diffusion in gases

If a bottle of perfume is opened in one
corner of a room, it spreads in the
whole room by diffusion.
Diffusion in liquid

If a bottle of perfume is opened in one
corner of a room, it spreads in the whole
room by diffusion. If you drop a little ink in a
breaker of water it will spread by itself and
the colour spread uniformly.
Diffusion in solid

When a lead plate and a gold plate are placed one over
the other if they are kept under pressure for a period of
one or two years. It will be observed that the lead particles
have diffused into gold and particles have diffused into
lead plate. It is believed that fossils of animals like reptiles
and leaves lie in contact with stones and rocks for number
of years, which leaves an impression on the stones or
rocks. This is because of the diffusion of the particles of
the organic matter into the stones, which are in contact.
Solid
Regular arrangement
 Closely packed
 Strong forces of attraction
 Vibrate about fixed positions

Liquid
Random arrangement
 Further apart
 Move freely in all directions
 Moderate forces of attraction between
particles

Gas
Random arrangement
 Very far apart
 Move freely at great speeds in all
directions
 Very weak forces of attraction between
particles

Melting

It is the process of changing a solid into its liquid state.
The temperature at which a solid changes to the liquid
state is known as melting point. When a solid is
heated, the molecules gain more kinetic energy and
start vibrating with a greater velocity and greater
amplitude. At a particular temperature, the molecules
gain kinetic energy sufficient to overcome the force of
inter-molecular attraction. They then start to slip and
slide against each other. This process is called melting.
Evaporation

All the molecules of a liquid are in a state of constant
and random motion. They have different velocities.
During the motion, molecules collide against each
other and some of the molecules gain more kinetic
energy than others. The energy rich molecules break
through the surface of the liquid. Thus the average
kinetic energy of the remaining molecules decreases
and this lowers the temperature of the liquid. Thus
evaporation results in cooling.
Boiling

When a liquid is heated, the molecules gain more
kinetic energy and the temperature starts rising. After
it has reached a specific point though heat is being
supplied, the temperature becomes steady. At this
temperature the energy supplied gets utilized in
breaking the inter-molecular force of attraction. Now
the molecules start leaving the liquid and escape as
vapor. This process is called boiling and the
temperature is called boiling point.
Freezing

When a liquid is cooled(heat is
removed), the particles lose energy and
they move about more slowly.
Condensation

When a gas is cooled(heat is removed),
the particles lose energy and they move
about less vigorously and at lower
speeds.
Property
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Shape
.Have fixed
shapes
.Have no fixed
shape
.Take the shape
of their
containers
.Have no
fixed shape
.Take the
shape of their
containers
Volume
.Have fixed
volumes
.Have fixed
volumes
.Have no
fixed volume
.Fill up the
shape of their
containers
Compressibility
.Cannot be
compressed
.Cannot be
compressed
.Can be
compressed
Credits
Natalie Woo 
 Gurpreet Kaur 
 Anjar Saridiyah Bte Kasman 
