Biology Semester 1
Final Review
Coach Burney
 What is the purpose of mitosis?
 What is the purpose of meiosis?
 The purpose of mitosis is to produce
body cells for growth and repair.
 The purpose for meiosis is to produce
sex cells and for genetic variation.
The Scientific
Method
1. What is the name of the method
scientists, doctors, engineers, detectives,
police. Etc. use to problem solve?
 The Scientific Method
2. What are the steps of the Scientific Method
in order? Be able to describe each step with
an example lab that we did in the 9th grade
biology semester one.
 Observations
 Formulate hypothesis
 Test your hypothesis
 Analyze data
 Conclusion
Scientists use common steps &
procedures to solve problems
Observations
- Science begins with
observations, collecting
information about a topic
- Observations can be made with
our senses
- Observations can be made
using tools and technology
Hypothesis: a possible answer to a scientific
question, an educated guess
Must be based
on
observations
and be able to
be tested
Scientists must constantly
observe and think!
How do you test a Hypothesis?
Run an experiment
What part of science do you think the young woman
in the picture is involved in? Why?
Observations
Collecting information about a topic
When the fire alarm
sounds at school,
what hypothesis
could you make?
When you make a hypothesis, do you
know for sure if you are correct?
Scientists usually repeat their test of a hypothesis
many times. Why would they do this?
 Repeating their test of
a hypothesis makes
their results more
reliable.
Observations
Conclusion
Do you
have to
follow this
order?
Data & Analysis
Hypothesis
Experiments
3. Define the following words.

4. Refer to the lab activity on p. 28 of your
textbook. For part A, when graphing the data,
what is the independent variable and what is
the dependent variable?
 Independent variable (what is
changed) – Sand
 Dependent variable (what is
measured) - Temperature
Controlled Experiments
Control group in an experiment provides
a normal standard against which the
biologist can compare the results.
 Only 1 variable is
changed at a time
 Independent variable is
the one condition that is
changed
 Dependent variable is
the condition that is
measured or observed
Variable = Factor
Groups in Experiments
 Control group: (normal)

Kept under normal
conditions
 Experimental group: (test
group)
 One condition is changed
(different from normal)
Blood pressure
medications
Independent Variable
How many independent
variables should you
test at one time?
Dependent Variable
5. Ahmed is testing the effects of omega 3
supplements and success in passing a math test.
What is the dependent variable? Independent
variable? Control group? Control?
 Independent variable (what is
changed) – supplements
 Dependent variable (what is
measured) – success in math
 Control group – group not given
supplements
 Control – type of supplement
6. How can science students improve the
experiment on omega 3 consumption and test
results?

7. If new information is found from an experiment,
what are some steps to take to ensure the
accuracy of the results?
 Go back to the beginning of the
scientific method.
 Form a new hypothesis
 Retest your hypothesis
 Evaluate your results
8. In our plant study on the effects of fertilizer on a
certain species of plant, what are some of the
controlled variables (conditions that should stay the
same) that should be considered in doing the
experiment?
 amount of sunlight
 amount of water
 kind of plant
8. Was there a control group?
 The plant with no fertilizer added.
8. Which plant was it?
 Control plant
8. What were the independent variable
and dependent variable when graphing
the data?
 Independent Variable: Fertilizer
 Dependent Variable: Growth
 Independent variable = x axis
Dependent variable
 Dependent variable = y axis
Independent variable
8. How would you improve this
experiment?
 Make sure the environment is
more controlled. The
temperature remains the same
throughout the experiment. The
amount of fertilizer and water
remains the same.
 List the steps of the Scientific Method in the order that
scientists follow when conducting research.
Biomolecules
1. Up to how many atoms can
a carbon atom combine with?
4
2. What kind of bond does carbon
form with other nonmetals?
 4 covalent bonds
Stable atoms have
their energy levels
full of electrons
2
8
8
How many
electrons are
needed to fill
each level?
2 for the first level and
8 for each other level
3. What is an enzyme?
 a type of protein or
RNA molecule that
speeds up metabolic
reactions in plants
and animals without
being permanently
changed or
destroyed.
4. Do enzymes speed up or
decrease the rate of chemical
reactions?
 Enzymes speed up
reactions

5. What is the difference between
hydrolysis reaction and a
condensation reaction?
Dehydration (Condensation
Reaction) releases water by
building polymers
 Hydrolysis adds water to
break apart polymers
6. When ATP is broken into ADP
and an inorganic phosphate, what
type of reaction is that?
 Hydrolysis
7. What are the four major
biomolecules we studied?
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Lipids
 Nucleic Acids
8. Which group of biomolecules do
DNA and RNA belong to?
 Nucleic Acids
9. What does ATP represent
and what is it used for?
 Adenosine
Triphosphate
 Carries energy
used by cells
10. What bond in ATP breaks to
release energy during the
formation of ADP?
 Covalent
bond
between
phosphates
11. Which group of biomolecules
do enzymes belong in?
 Proteins
12. What would happen if our
body lacked enzymes?
 It would
take a long
time for
processes in
our body to
occur.
13. Which group of biomolecules
contain nitrogen?
 Proteins
14. Which groups of biomolecules
contain carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen?
 Carbohydrates
15. What is the main source of
energy in humans?
 Carbohydrates
16. Which group of biomolecules
does glucose belong in?
 Carbohydrates
17. What is glycogen?
 Animals store
glucose in the
form of glycogen.
 Lots of glucose
molecules strung
together in chain
make glycogen.
18. What group of biomolecules
does glycogen belong in?
 Carbohydrates
19. What are amino acids?
 Monomers that
make up
proteins
20. Amino acids are the building
blocks of which biomolecule?
 Proteins
21. Which biomolecule stores a
person’s genetic information?
 Nucleic Acids
22. What are the two types of
nucleic acids?
 DNA and
RNA
23. What is the activation
energy of a reaction?
 the amount of
energy needed to
start a chemical
reaction
24. If the activation energy of the
reactants is higher than the product
output energy, is energy released or
absorbed in a reaction?
 Endothermic – taking in more
energy than it is producing
25. What three elements do all
biomolecules have in common?
 Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
26. What four major elements make up
proteins?
 Carbon,
hydrogen, and
oxygen and
nitrogen
27. What biomolecule has a globular
shape?
 Proteins
28. What biomolecule is insoluble in
water?

Lipids
Bell work
January 21, 2011
 What are the four categories of
biomolecules and what is each made up of?
 Carbohydrates – Glucose (sugars)
 Proteins – Amino Acids
 Lipids – Fatty Acids
 Nucleic Acids – DNA & RNA
Cell Structure &
Transport
1. Specialized cells have evolved
particular shapes which allow
them to …
 Function
2. Surface area limits cell growth because
if the cell becomes too large, the cell will
not be able to take in enough __________
or remove enough __________.
 materials
 waste
3. According to table 4.1, what does the
cell theory state about all living organisms?
 All living
organisms are
composed of one
or more cells
4. According to table 4.9, which order of
organization in living things proceeds from
simplest to most complex?
 Cells  Tissues
 Organ 
Organ System
5. Define Organelle.
 one of the small bodies that are found in the
cytoplasm of a cell and that are specialized to
perform a specific function.
6. Write the name of each
organelle next to its function.
 Make protein – ribosomes
 Enclose contents of the cell – plasma (cell)






membrane
Produce ATP – mitochondria
Selectively permeable – cell membrane
Package & distribute substances – golgi
apparatus
Converts sugar into energy – mitochondria
Store water, wastes, & nutrients in plant cells –
vacuole
Allow material to enter & leave the cell – cell
membrane
7. Which of these cells are
prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?
 Plants – eukaryotes
 Bacteria – prokaryotes
 Animals - eukaryotes
8. According to p 75, what are
bacteria cells lacking?
 membrane-bound
nucleus and membranebound organelles
9. Using the figures on p 75 and
87, which cell parts do both
bacteria & plant cells contain?
 Cell wall, cell
membrane, and
DNA
10. According to p 90, how do
plant cells differ from animal cells?
 Plant cells have a cell wall,
large central vacuole, and
chloroplasts.
11. Using pages 80 & 89, both
chloroplasts and mitochondria are
composed of _______ and contain
_________.
 a double
membrane and
contain DNA
12. According to p 483, what 2
biomolecules make up a virus particle?
 Proteins and Nucleic
Acids
13. What 2 types of genetic material can
viruses contain?
 DNA or RNA
14. Viruses cannot be considered living
because they:
 a. are not composed of cells
 b. do not contain cytoplasm or
organelles
 c. cannot carry out
metabolism or homeostasis
 d. must enter a living cell to
reproduce
15. What part of the virus remains
outside the host cell? What part of the
virus enters the host cell?
 The capsid
(protein coat)
remains
outside
 The DNA or
RNA enters
the host cell
16. What is diffusion? Give an
example.
 movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration
 Example: When you spray axe in one location and the rest of the room
can eventually smell it.
17. Define osmosis. Give an
example.
 Movement of
water molecules
from higher
concentration to
lower
concentration.
 Example: when
water moves into
and out of a cell
18. What is active transport? Give an
example.
 Movement of
molecules from lower
concentration to higher
concentration
 Requires ATP!
 Example: if a cell needs a
molecule regardless of the
concentration gradient to
maintain homeostasis.
19. What kind of transport requires
energy?
 Active Transport
requires energy
(ATP!)
 SodiumPotassium Pump
 Endocytosis
 Exocytosis
20. What kind of transport does not
require energy?
 Passive
transport does
not require
energy
 Diffusion
 Osmosis
 Facilitated
Diffusion
 Ion Channels
21. What is exocytosis?

the release of substances out of a cell by
fusion of a vesicle with the membrane
22. What is endocytosis?

the process of taking liquids or fairly large
molecules into a cell by engulfing them in a
membrane
23. What is the difference between a
hypotonic solution and hypertonic
solution?

Hypotonic: Cell has lower concentration of water than
surrounding fluid, water moves into cell
 Hypertonic: Cell has higher concentration of water than
surrounding fluid, water moves out of cell
24. What would happen to a plant cell
when placed in a hypotonic solution?
Hypertonic solution?
 Hypotonic: The cell would get bigger and could
burst
 Hypertonic: The cell would loose it’s water and
shrink
25. What is an isotonic solution?
Water moves into and out of a cell at equal
rates
 Cell size remains same

26. What is equilibrium, and at
what point is equilibrium reached?

Concentration of molecules is the same
throughout the solution (equilibrium), but
the molecules continue to move (dynamic)
Why do the green
dye particles spread
out over time and
equally distribute?
Dynamic Equilibrium
27. Draw a picture of a cell in a
hypertonic solution, isotonic solution
and hypotonic solution.
Bell work
(do on lined paper today and tomorrow)
January 24, 2011
 What are the 3 differences between a plant
and animal cell?
Cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts
Human Body
Systems
1. What is the major function
of the digestive system?
☺stores and breaks down food,
absorbs nutrients, eliminates
wastes
2. Name 5 major organs found
in the digestive system.
☺ Mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas,
liver, gallbladder, large and small
intestines,
3. What is the main organ of
the excretory system?
☺ Kidney – filters blood, helps
maintain homeostasis by
removing urea, water, and
other wastes from the blood
4. What is the major function
of the respiratory system?
☺ carries air into and out of
lungs, where gases (oxygen
and carbon dioxide) are
exchanged
☺helps maintain blood pH
5. What is the major function
of the circulatory system?
☺ transports oxygen, carbon
dioxide, food molecules,
hormones and other materials
to and from the cells of the
body
6. What is homeostasis?
☺ keeping things the same
☺ the stability of an internal
environment can be
maintained by homeostasis
7. Explain how the excretory
system helps maintain
homeostasis.
☺ the excretory system helps
eliminate non-solid waste and
maintain water and chemical
(pH) balance in the blood
8. Explain how the excretory
system and digestive system work
together to maintain homeostasis.
☺ the digestive system breaks
down food and eliminates
solid waste
☺ the excretory system
removes other wastes from
the body (non-solid wastes)
☺ both eliminate wastes
9. What are some functions that
muscles can do in your body?
☺ provides structure, supports and
moves trunk and limbs, moves
substances through body
☺ When your muscles do not have
enough oxygen, lactic acid is
produced and your muscles
become fatigued.
10. What are hormones? Give
examples.
☺ substances secreted by cells
that act to regulate the activity
of other cells in the body
☺ Examples: estrogen and
testosterone
11. Explain how hormones
maintain homeostasis in your
body.
☺ they regulate growth,
development, behavior, and
reproduction
☺ they cause specific
responses to specific
targets
12. What is the human body
temperature when it is optimum
for homeostasis?
☺ 98.6 degrees
13. What is the name of the
enzyme in the saliva of humans?
☺ Amylase
☺ Breaks down starch into
sugar
☺ Enzymes work at their best
when they are at a specific
temperature
Photosynthesis &
Cellular Respiration
(Aerobic Respiration)
1. What is the balanced equation
of photosynthesis?
2. What is the balanced equation
of respiration?
3. Where are the reactions of an
equation located? Where are the
products located?
Reactants on left
Products on right
4. Using the equation of photosynthesis,
what are the reactants? What are the
products?
CO2 + H20 + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 02
Reactants – carbon dioxide, water, and
sunlight
Products – sugar and oxygen
5. What occurs during the process of
photosynthesis?
Plants capture energy from sunlight to
make their own food
6. What are autotrophs? Give
examples.
Autotrophs make their own food.
Example: Plants
7. What are hereotrophs? Give
examples.
Heterotrophs cannot make their own food
and must eat plants or other animals for
energy.
Example: Animals (elephants, humans, fish,
etc.)
8. What is cellular respiration? Where
does cellular respiration occur in animal
cells?
Releases chemical energy from sugars and
other carbon-based molecules to make ATP
when oxygen is present.
It happens in mitochondria
9. What are the reactants and products
of cellular respiration (aerobic
respiration)?
Reactants – Sugar and oxygen
Products – Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
10. What is the job of chlorophyll?
Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight.
 What are the reactants and products of
photosynthesis?
 What are the reactants and products of cellular
respiration (aerobic respiration)?
Photosynthesis
Reactants – Water, Sunlight, and Carbon Dioxide
Products – Sugar and Oxygen
Cellular Respiration (Aerobic Respiration)
Reactants – Sugar and Oxygen
Products – ATP, Carbon Dioxide, and Water
Mitosis & Meiosis
1. What are the four stages of
mitosis?
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
2. Draw a diagram of mitosis in
the correct sequence.
3. After mitosis and cytokinesis, each of
the two new cells should have how
many chromosomes if the parent cell
had 46?
 46
4. How many pairs of chromosomes
exists in a diploid cell in your body?
 23 pairs = 46
chromosomes
5. What is the difference between
diploid and haploid?
 Diploid = 2 sets of
chromosomes (46)
 Haploid = 1 set of
chromosomes (23)
6. Unlike mitosis, meiosis results
in the formation of…
 four genetically different
cells
7. The X and Y chromosomes are
called the…
 Sex chromosomes
8. How many chromosomes are in
the body cells of an organism that
has a haploid number of 8?
 16
9. What is crossing-over?
 Chromosomes exchange
DNA during prophase 1 of
meiosis I
10. For each stage of meiosis,
summarize what happens.

Prophase - Homologous chromosomes become paired,
Crossing-over occurs between homologous chromosomes
 Metaphase - Homologous pairs become aligned in the center
of the cell.
 Anaphase - Homologous chromosomes separate and pull to
opposite sides of the cell
 Telophase – The cell begins to separate
11. What do spindle fibers do?
 Move chromosomes in
the cell
12. A normal newborn baby can grow
over 10 inches in length and double
his birth weight in one year. Why
does this happen?
 they replicate (go
through mitosis)
13. As a cell grows in size, what
happens to the volume and what
happens to the surface area?
 the volume inside the
cell grows at a faster rate
than the surface area
14. If a cell gets too big, how will that
affect diffusion?
 diffusion will occur too
slowly for the cell and
waste will accumulate.
15. Make a T-chart listing the major
differences between mitosis and
meiosis.
Mitosis
Produces 2 cells
Resulting cells
genetically the same
Meiosis
Produces 4 cells
Resulting cells
genetically different
Produces body cells
Produces sex cells
Growth and Repair
Formation of sex cells and
genetic variation