THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Chapter 21 The Endocrine System
The Hypophysis
The Thyroid Gland
The Parathyroid Glands
The Suprarenal Glands
The Pineal Body
The Pancreatic Islets
The Thymus
The Gonods
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endocrine gland
hormone
Endocrine tissue
Endocrine tissue
adrenal gland
pancreatic islet
pineal body
thoracic gland
genitical gland
2
hypophysis
Capital internal secretory gland
hypophyseal fossa
anterior pituitary
distal portion
pars tuberalis
intermediate part
neurohypophysis
pars nervosa
funnel
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hypophysis
anterior lobe of the hypophysis
distal portion
pars tuberalis
secret：
growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH
gonad stimulating hormone
adenohypophysis
anterior lobe of
hypophysis
intermediate space
pars neuralis
Neurohypophysis
posterior lobe of hypophysis
（storage and release）
vasopressin peptide（antidiuretin）
alpha hypophamine
4
thyroid
situates at throat, and shows brownish red color, and assumes the shape of H.
The left and right lateral lobe were linked with isthmus of thyroid gland.
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parathyroid gland
The superior and inferior pairs
location:
Superior parathyroid gland
Inferior parathyroid gland (bigger variation)
mostly situates at the vicinity of inferior thyroid artery，which locates at inferior
extremity of thyroid lateral lobe’s posterior margin.
function:
Regulate the metabolism
of calcium and phosphorus
Maintain the balance of
blood calcium
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adrenal gland
Lies at the superior and anterior part of left and right kidney
Left adrenal gland is similar to half-moon.
Right adrenal gland assumes triangle.
Cortex of adrenal gland
secret mineralocorticoid
hormone of regulating waterelectrolyte metabolism in the
body, and glucocorticoid of
regulating the metabolism of
carbohydrate and sexual
hormone that influence sexual
behavior.
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medulla
secret sympathetic hormone and noradrenaline.
The adrenal medullary hormone can make
heartbeat speed up and cardiac contraction
force strengthening， and arterial systole to
maintain blood pressure and regulate the
activity of visceral smooth muscle.
pineal body
Locates at postero-superior part of habenular commissure of
epithalamus
Adhere to the posterior part of diatela by handle.
action:
synthesize and secret
melatonin
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pancreatic island
pancreatic internal secreting part
Scatter in the substance of pancreatic gland More in tail, less in head
Secretory hormone
insulin
glucagon
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Thymus
Belong to lymphatic organ
Lies at rear of manubrium of sternum
the anterior part of superior mediastinum
Close to the pericardial superior part and the anterior part of some great
vessels, such as aortic arch and brachiocephalic vein and so on.
secrete
thymosin
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genital gland
testis
androgen
ovary
Estrogen
Pregnanedione
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