What
is
First
Aid?
First Aid is the immediate care to the
injured or suddenly ill person
• First Aid does not take the place of proper medical
• Ittreatment.
consists only of giving temporary assistance
until
competent medical care, if needed, is obtained,
or
until the chance for recovery without medical
•care
Most
is injuries and illnesses require only first aid
care.
ensured.
• Properly applied, first aid may mean the difference
between life and death, rapid recovery and long
hospitalization, or temporary disability and permanent
injury.
Three general action steps to take in an
emergency:
1. CHECK the scene and the victim.
• Check the victim for level of consciousness, breathing,
pulse and bleeding.
2. CALL 911 or the local emergency
number.
3. CARE for the victim.
The First Aid Kit
• Keep a first aid kit at HOME and in the family CAR.
• Carry a first aid kit when you participate in OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES,
such as camping.
• Add SPECIAL MEDICINES you or family members need.
List of supplies for kit:
Thermometer
Syrup Of Ipecac
Plastic Bags
Triangular Bandages
Gauze Pads & Roller Gauze
Cold Pack
Disposable Gloves Adhesive Tape
Hand Cleaner
Adhesive Bandages
Small Flashlight
Scissors & Tweezers
Blanket
Antiseptic Ointment
Universal Precautions
Steps taken to prevent the spread of disease by
treating all human blood and body fluids as if they
contain HIV, HBV, and other pathogens
1. Wear disposable gloves
2. Wash your hands with waterless antiseptic hand cleanser after
removing gloves
3. Use a face mask with a one-way valve when performing first aid
for breathing emergencies
4. Take other precautions to avoid contact with the victims blood.
5. Do not eat or drink anything while giving first aid.
6. Do not touch your mouth, eyes, or nose while caring for the
victim.
Emergencies at
Home:
Your
family
should
be
prepared
for
an
emergency.
1. Keep the local emergency telephone number by your
telephone
2. Keep a list of other important telephone
numbers by your telephone, such as the
telephone number for the:
A. Fire Department – 441-8378
B. Police - 441-7204
C. Poison Control Center – 1-800-222-
1222
D. Your Physician - __________________
E. Your Dentist - __________________
3. Keep the names and telephone numbers of neighbors
who
help, too.
4. would
Keep family
medical records where you can get them
quickly
Emergencies at
Home:
Your family should be prepared for an emergency.
5. Wear a medic alert tag if you
have a health condition.
6. Keep first aid kits where they
might be needed.
7. Keep items needed to
follow
universal precautions
available.
How to Make an
Emergency Telephone
Call
1. Remain calm and speak clearly
2. Describe the exact location of the emergency. Give the address
and ways for emergency personnel to find the location. Naming
the closest
intersection or a landmark is helpful.
3. Give your name, what happened, the number of people involved,
the condition of the injured people, and the help that has been
given.
4. Give the telephone number of the telephone you are using. This
makes it possible for someone to call you back if you get
disconnected or more information is needed.
5. Listen carefully if you are told how to care for the victim. Write
down directions if necessary. Give directions to other people who
are caring for the victim.
6. Do not hang up the phone until you are told to do so.
7. Return to the victim. Provide care if appropriate.
Stay with the victim until help arrives.
Rescue Breathing Steps
for Adults and Older Children
Step 1
Roll victim on to their back. Tilt
victim’s head back. Place one hand
under the chin, lift up while
pressing down on forehead with
other hand. Pinch nostrils shut.
Step 2
Wear face mask or shield. Follow
directions for mask. Apply mask.
Open airway. Give 2 slow breaths.
Watch if chest slowly rises.
Step 3
Check for pulse. Use index
and 3rd finger on carotid
artery on neck.
Rescue Breathing Steps
for Adults and Older Children
IF PULSE IS PRESENT BUT STILL NOT
BREATHING....
Step 4
Give 1 slow breath every 5
seconds. Remove mouth
after each breath so victim
can exhale.
Step 5
Recheck pulse and
breathing every minute.
Continue rescue breathing
as long as victim is not
breathing, but has pulse.
IF NO PULSE, THE HEART IS NOT BEATING. CPR IS NEEDED!
Rescue Breathing Steps
for Infants and Young Children
Step 1
Roll victim on to back. Tilt
victim’s head slightly back.
Step 2
Wear face mask or shield. Follow
directions for mask. Apply mask.
Open airway. Give 2 slow breaths.
Watch if chest slowly rises. Remove
mouth after each breath so victim
can exhale.
Step 3
Check for pulse. Use index
and 3rd finger and check
brachial artery on the inside
of upper arm.
Rescue Breathing Steps
for Infants and Young Children
IF PULSE IS PRESENT BUT STILL NOT
BREATHING....
Step 4
Give 1 slow breath every 3
seconds. Remove mouth
after each breath so victim
can exhale. Recheck pulse
and breathing every minute.
Step 5
Continue rescue breathing
as long as victim is not
breathing, but has a pulse.
IF NO PULSE, THE HEART IS NOT BEATING. CPR IS NEEDED!
CPR
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) Is a first aid technique
that is used to restore heartbeat and breathing.
The ABC’s of CPR help
you determine the need
for CPR.
A- Airway
Open the victims airway
B- Breathing
Perform rescue breathing if
breathing has stopped
C- Circulation
Perform CPR if pulse is absent.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Steps
for Adults and Older Children
A Person Who Is
Trained
In CPR Should:
Step
Roll victim on
to1back. Find lower
breastbone, measure up width of
2 fingers. Place heel of other
hand on sternum next to fingers.
Place other hand on top of first
hand.
Step 2 over hands to
Position shoulders
exert pressure straight down.
Compress chest 30 times (rate of
100/min.). Pressure should
depress the breastbone 1 1/2 - 2
inches.
Step 3
Wear face mask
or shield. Follow
directions for mask. Apply mask.
Open airway. Give 2 slow breaths.
Watch if chest slowly rises.
Remove mouth to allow victim to
exhale.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Steps
for Adults and Older Children
Step 4
Do 3 more sets of 30
compressions and 2 slow breaths.
Step 5
Make a 5 second check to see if
the victim has a pulse and is
breathing.
IF NO
PULSE......
Step 6
Continue sets of 30 compressions
and 2 slow breaths.
Call the local emergency
number and obtain
medical care
immediately.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Steps
A Person Who Is
Trained
In CPR Should:
for Children
Step 1
Roll victim on to their back. Place
heel of your hand on the center of
the breastbone.
Step 2
Position shoulders over hands to
exert pressure straight down.
Compress chest 30 times (at rate
of 100 compressions/minute).
Step 3
Wear face mask or shield. Follow
directions for mask. Apply mask.
Open airway. Give 2 slow breaths.
Watch if chest slowly rises.
Remove mouth to allow victim to
exhale.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Steps
for Children
Step 4
Do sets of 30 compressions and 2
slow breaths for about 1 minute.
Step 5
Make a 5 second check to see if
the victim has a pulse and is
breathing.
IF NO
PULSE......
Step 6
Continue sets of 30
compressions and 2 slow
breaths. Recheck pulse and
breathing every few minutes.
Call the local emergency number and
obtain medical care immediately.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Steps
A Person Who Is
Trained
In CPR Should:
for Infants
Step 1
Roll victim on to their back. Place
the third and fourth finger on the
center of the breastbone.
Compress chest 30 times.
Step 2
Wear face mask
or shield. Follow
directions for mask. Apply mask.
Open airway. Give 2 slow breaths.
Watch if chest slowly rises.
Remove mouth to allow victim to
exhale.
Step 3
Repeat sets of 30 compressions
and 2 slow breaths for about 1
minute.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Steps
for Infants
Step 4
Check to see if the victim
has a pulse and is
breathing.
IF NO
PULSE......
Step 5
Continue sets of 30
compressions and 2 slow
breathes. Recheck pulse
and breathing every few
minutes.
Types of Bleeding
Types of Wounds
Bruis
e
Laceratio
n
Punctur
e
Abrasio
n
Avulsio
n
Steps to Control
Bleeding
Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately.
Step 1
Cover the wound with clean cloth or sterile
dressing and apply direct pressure with hand. Add
more cloth if blood soaks through, but do not
remove first cloth. Do not remove any objects
lodged deep in wound.
Step 2
Elevate the wounded body part above the level of
the heart. This helps reduce blood flow to the area.
Step 3
Cover the cloth or sterile dressing with roller
bandage.
IF BLEEDING DOES NOT STOP.......
Continue direct pressure to the wound. Locate
closest pressure point. Pressure point technique
compresses main artery that supplies blood to the
area. This technique stops circulation in area.
Should be used with direct pressure and elevation.
Pressure points—brachial
Nosebleeds
A nosebleed is a loss of blood from the mucous membranes that line
the nose.
NOSEBLEEDS ARE USUALLY EASY TO
CONTROL.
1. Have the victim sit with his/her head slightly
forward and pinch the nostrils firmly together.
Sitting slightly forward helps the blood flow
toward the external opening of the nose instead of
backwards down the throat.
2. The nostrils should be pinched firmly together
for about 5 minutes before releasing. The victim
should breath through the mouth and spit out any
blood in the mouth.
3. An ice pack may be applied to the bridge of the
nose.
4. Repeat this procedure for another 10 minutes if the bleeding does not
stop.
5. Get prompt medical help if bleeding continues or if you suspect serious injury.
First Aid for
Poisoning
A POISON is a substance
that causes injury, illness, or
death if it enters the body.
Poisoning can occur when a
person:
•SWALLOWS a poison
•BREATHES a poison
•Has a poison on the SKIN that
is
ABSORBED into the body.
Call the local
emergency number
and obtain medical
care immediately.
Inhalation
Absorption
Ingestion
Injection
First Aid for
Poisoning
Steps to be taken when
you suspect someone has been
poisoned.
1. Be CAUTIOUS. Protect your
health and safety. Do not risk
INJURY.
2. Move the victim to a safe LOCATION if necessary.
3. Treat the victim for life-threatening injuries.
A- Airway
Keep the victims airway OPEN.
B- Breathing
Perform RESCUE BREATHING if
necessary. Remember to use a
FACE MASK or SHIELD
C- Circulation
If you have CPR training, perform
CPR if the victim has no PULSE.
4. Gather information about the cause of poisoning. determine the TYPE of
poison. Ask the VICTIM what the type of poison might be. Be on the
lookout for EMPTY BOTTLES and CONTAINERS OR NEEDLES. Recognize
FUMES and ODORS that might be the cause. Are there BEES, SNAKES, or
poisonous PLANTS in the area? Try to determine how much poison has
been taken and when.
for BURNS
A BURN is an injury caused by heat, electricity,
chemicals, or radiation.
The seriousness of a burn depends
on:
•The CAUSE of the burn
•The LENGTH of time the victim was
EXPOSED
to the source of the burn
•The LOCATION of the burn on the BODY
•The DEPTH of the burn
•The SIZE of the burn
•The victim’s AGE and HEALTH condition
First-Degree
Burns
A first-degree burn is a burn which affects the top layer of skin.
Most SUNBURNS are first-degree burns. First-degree burns
usually heal in SIX DAYS without permanent scaring.
First aid for a first-degree burn includes the following
steps:
1. Stop the BURNING. Get the victim out of the SUN. Put out flames that are
burning clothes or skin.
2. Cool the burned area with WATER as soon as
possible. Soak the area with tap water, a garden hose,
or have the victim get into the bath or shower. Use
sheets or towels soaked in COLD WATER to cool a
burn on the face or other areas that cannot be soaked.
Keep adding cool water.
3. Wear LATEX GLOVES. LOOSELY bandage the area with a
dry, sterile, dressing.
4. Place COTTON or GAUZE between burned FINGERS or
TOES.
Second-Degree
Burns
A second-degree burn is a burn that involves the top layers of the
skin.
Second-degree burns usually heal in TWO TO FOUR WEEKS.
Slight SCARRING can occur.
First aid for a second-degree burn includes the following
steps:
Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately.
1. Stop the BURNING. Remove the victim from the SOURCE of the burn.
2. Cool the burned area with COOL WATER or
COLD CLOTHS.
3. Cover the area with dry, sterile dressing or clean
cloth. Keep the cover LOOSE. This helps prevent
INFECTION and reduce PAIN. Do not break
BLISTERS or remove tissue.
4. ELEVATE the burned area.
5. Cover the victim with clean, dry sheets if burns cover
large parts of the body. Treat for SHOCK
Third-Degree Burns
A third-degree burn is a burn that involves all layers of the skin and some underlying
tissue.
PERMANENT SCARRING often occurs. Some victims require SKIN GRAFTING and
PLASTIC SURGERY.
First aid for a third-degree burn includes the following
steps:
Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately.
1. Treat for SHOCK.
2. Check immediately if the victim
is BREATHING. Give RESCUE
BREATHING if necessary. Do not
open blisters or remove pieces of
tissue. Do not apply COLD.
3. Cover the BURNED AREA with a dry,
sterile dressing; clean cloth; or sheet.
FRACTURE
A fracture is a break or a crack in a bone.
Types of Fractures
FRACTURE
First Aid for fractures includes the following steps:
Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately.
1. Treat for BLEEDING and SHOCK.
2. Keep the injured part from
MOVING. Use a splint when
appropriate. Keep a victim with a
HEAD injury still.
3. Apply ICE to the break or crack to
prevent SWELLING.
4. Follow universal precautions.
Control BLEEDING.
5. Get prompt MEDICAL help.
DISLOCATIONS
A dislocation is the movement of a bone from its
joint.
The signs of dislocation are PAIN, swelling upon
MOVEMENT, loss of MOVEMENT and DEFORMITY.
First Aid for dislocations includes the following steps:
Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately.
1. Splint ABOVE and
BELOW the dislocated
joint
2. Apply COLD
COMPRESSES
Rest
Rest the INJURED hand.
Apply COLD, such as a cold
COMPRESS, ICE PACK, or COLD
WATER.
Ice
Compressio
n
Elevation
Apply an ELASTIC bandage to limit
INTERNAL bleeding. Do not apply too
TIGHTLY. Check the body part for pain,
numbness, change in color, tingling. After
30 MINUTES, remove the bandage and the
ice for 15 MINUTES. Then reapply for 30
MINUTES. Repeat the procedure for 3
HOURS.
ELEVATE the injured part above the level of
the HEART. This helps drain BLOOD and
FLUID from the injured area.
SPRAINS
A sprain is an injury to the ligaments, tendons, and
soft tissue around a joint caused by undue
stretching.
1. Follow the RICE
treatment
2. Get prompt
medical help if a
FRACTURE is
suspected.
STRAINS
A strain is an over stretching of muscles and/or
tendons.
One of the most common strains involves the muscles of the BACK
First Aid for strains:
1. Follow the RICE
treatment
2. Get prompt
medical help for a
SEVERE strain.