England and its Colonies
The Navigation
Acts
Cause
Why did Parliament
pass the Navigation
Acts (1660)?
To tighten England’s control
over colonial trade and protect
against competition in order to
create wealth (mercantilism)
Objective: To analyze the causes and effects of the Navigation
Acts of the 1660’s
A painting of a French seaport from 1638, at the height of
mercantilism, by Claude Lorrain
Navigation Acts (1660's)
I’m bloody
filthy rich!
furniture
lumber
tools
iron
textiles
cotton
Most products could be sold only to England.
ex: sugar, tobacco, indigo
All products going to the colonies had to first go through
England where the products were taxed
spices
tea
tea
spices
Effects of the
Navigation Acts
There was an increase in
smuggling in the colonies
Colonists became angry when England began to enforce the
Navigation Acts but eventually accepted them
The Navigation Acts
Effects
How did these acts benefit England?
• Increased England’s wealth (created jobs) and gave access to certain
colonial goods (tobacco)
How did the acts benefit the colonies?
•
Spurred an economic boom (ex: shipbuilding)
How did the acts hurt the colonies?
•
Restricted trade with other areas (smuggling)
English Rulers and Colonial Policies
Charles II (16601685)
-Angered by
Massachusetts's
refusal to obey
English Law
-Made them a royal
colony
James II (1685-1688)
-Consolidated all
Northern colonies
and enlisted Edmund
Andros to rule region
William and Mary (1689-1702)
-Succeeded James II and helped
establish supremacy of Parliament
-Restored colonial charters BUT
appointed governors
The Glorious Revolution
Cause
Why did the Glorious Revolution occur?
• Unpopularity of King James II (Catholicism)
Effect
How did this revolution affect England?
• Establishment of Parliament’s power over the monarchy
How did it affect the colonies?
•
•
•
Restored original charters
Required more religious freedom in Massachusetts
Salutary Neglect begins (less supervision from England)
The Commercial North
Ch 3 Sec 3
Compare Primary Sources
John Adams (Northerner)
• “Who can study in Boston
Streets? I am unable to observe
the various objects that I meet,
with sufficient precision. My eyes
are so diverted with chimney
sweeps, carriers of wood,
merchants, ladies, priests, carts,
horses, oxen, coaches, market
men and women, soldiers, sailors,
and my ears with the rattle
gabble of them all that I can’t
think long enough in streets upon
any one thing to start and pursue
a thought”
Philip Vickers Fithian
(Southerner)
• We stroll’d down the pasture
quite to the river, admiring the
pleasantness of the evening,
and delightsome prospect of
the river hills, huts, low
bottoms, trees of various
kinds, and sizes, cattle and
sheep feeding some near us
and others at a great distance
on the green sides of the
hills…. I love to walk on these
high hills…. Where I can have
a long view of many miles
Northern Colonies
• Produced several crops
per farm
• Developed thriving
industries
• Developed a powerful
merchant class
• Had numerous cities
• Faced a variety of social
problems
• Population had more
ethnic, religious, and
national groups
Southern Colonies
• Produced single cash
crops (rice and tobacco)
• Primarily a farming
economy
• Few merchants
• Had few major cities
(Charles Town)
• Had fewer social
problems (less urban
society)
• Had a more uniform
population
The Enlightenment
1.
What kind of movement was it
(intellectual, social, political,
religious)?
Who were its key figures in the
colonies?
1.
Intellectual movement
1.
Benjamin Franklin; Thomas
Jefferson
3.
What ideas did it stress?
1.
4.
What did it encourage?
2.
The world is not governed by
miracles or chance, but by
mathematical laws (individuals
have natural rights)
To use experimentation and
observation as tools to make
discoveries, rely on reason, and
question authority (British
Monarchy)
2.
The Great Awakening
1.
What kind of movement was
it (intellectual, social,
political, religious)?
Who were its key figures in
the colonies?
1.
Religious movement
1.
Jonathan Edwards; George
Whitefield
3.
What ideas did it stress?
1.
A return to Puritan values,
rededication to God, and the
need for salvation
4.
What did it encourage?
1.
To rededicate themselves to
God, join organized churches,
founded colleges, and
question authority
2.
Jonathan Edwards
“The God that holds you over the pit of hell, as
much as one holds a spider, or some
loathsome insect over the fire, abhors (hates)
you, and is dreadfully provoked: His wrath
towards you burn like fire; He looks upon you
as worthy of nothing else but to cast into the
fire;… and yet it is nothing but His hand that
holds you from falling into the fire every
moment”
The French and Indian War
North America 1750’s
Motivations
Why did France and
Britain fight the
war????
• To gain control of
the Ohio River
valley and fur trade
• Expand their
empires as an
extension of their
hostilities toward
each other
Why did the British
Colonies fight???
Why did Native
Americans fight???
• A desire to expand
the colonies
westward into the
Ohio River Valley
• Loyalty to Britain
• To honor military
alliances
• To gain benefits of
supporting the
victor of the war
What did Britain Gain?
•Canada
•Virtually all of North America east of the
Mississippi River
What did Britain lose?
• Lives
• Colonists respect
• A good deal of money
What did the colonies gain?
• Access to what had
been French territories
• This will be taken away
with the Proclamation
of 1763, which banned
settlements West of the
Appalachians
What did the colonies lose?
• Lives
• Profits from trade
(Britain wanted to stop
smuggling and help pay
for the war)
• Rights commonly held
by British subjects
(search and seizure)
What did the French and Native
Americans lose during the war?
• Both lost lives and land
• Native Americans on
both sides of the war
were given the least