Study Guide- Biology Semester 1
Chapter 1
goals of science
 investigate and understand natural world
 explain events in natural world
 make predictions
scientific method
 begins with an observation
 hypothesis is only useful if it can be tested
 theory unifies a broad range of observations
 can be revised or replaced
 data is the information gathered from an experiment
Redi’s experiment
 Used meat to test spontaneous generation
controlled experiment
 only tests one variable
ecology divisions
 cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, community,
ecosystem, biosphere
BIOLOGY= study of life
 8 Characteristics of life
1. Reproduce
2. Consume energy/eliminate wastes
3. Response
4. Grow
5. Made of cells
6. DNA
7. Homeostasis
8. As a group- evolve
 In multicellular organisms, cell specialization allows for more complex life
forms
basic metric
 length= meter
 weight= gram
 volume= liter
compound light microscope
 uses light to magnify up to 1000x
 light passes through specimen to create image
cell culture
 a single cell that is used to produce many
safety procedures
 are important in:
 labs, classrooms, and in the field (outside)
 never just trust your instincts
Chapter 2
structure of an atom
o Neutron(=) and Protons (+) make up Nucleus
o Electrons (-) found in area outside of nucleus
types of bonds
o covalent= bond created by sharing electrons
o ionic= bond created by transferring electrons
atomic terms:
o element- one type of atom
o compound- substance formed by the combination of two or more elements in definite
proportions
o molecule substance formed by the combination of one or more elements in definite
proportions
o isotope- atoms with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons
o mass number= # of protons and neutrons
o atomic number= # of protons
pH scale
o 0-14
o 7 neutral
o Below 7 acidic
o Above 7 basic
mixture
o Suspension- mixtures of undisolved materials and water
solution
o evenly distributed mixture of two or more substances.
o Solute- what is being dissolved
o Solvent- the dissolver
4 macromolecules
o Carbohydrates = sugar= saccharide
o Fats
o Proteins
o Nucleic Acids
Chemical reactions=
o atoms are rearranged
o reactants→products
Chapter 7
Hooke
o First to see cells
Schleiden/Schwann
o plants and animals are made of cells
cell theory
o Cells are the basic units of life.
o All living things are made of cells.
o All cells are produced by existing cells.
TEM microscopes= 3D image
Eukaryoteo have a nucleus
o larger
Prokaryoteo no nucleus
o aka bacteria
Functions of Organelles
1. Nucleus- store DNA and controls cell
2. Ribosomes- make proteins
3. Lysosomes- cleans up wastes
4. Vacuole- storage sack
5. Golgi apparatus- modifies, sorts, and packages
6. Nucleolus- makes ribosomes
7. Mitochondria- converts food into usable energy
8. Chloroplasts- captures sun’s energy and converts it into usable form
9. Cell wall- support
10. Cell Membrane- controls what comes into and out of cell
Diffusion- movement from high to low concentration
Osmosis- diffusion of water through a membrane
facilitated diffusion- diffusion that requires a protein
active transport- only means of cell transportation that requires ENERGY
Hypotonic (swell)
isotonic (same)
hypertonic (shrink)
levels of life (cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism)-
Chapter 8- Photosynthesis
Autotrophs
o Make their own food
Heterotrophs
o Consume other organisms for food
Equation for photosynthesis
o Mass comes from water not soil
ATP structure and function
o adenine, ribose, phosphate groups
o breaks off 3rd phosphate group to get energy
Pigments- absorb specific colors of light
Light- energy absorbed by plants to do photosynthesis
Color- what color that is seen, is what color of light is REFLECTED
o Plants absorb red and blue the best
Reactions and Location of Reactions of Photosynthesis
o PS2 then PS1
o Calvin Cycle aka Light Independent Reactions
 Take place in the stroma
Factors affecting Photosynthesis
1. Water
2. light intensity
3. temperature
Granum- stack of thylakoids
Thylakoid- photosynthetic membrane where chloroplast is located, and lightdependent reactions take place
o The following are all found within thylakoid membrane



electron transport chain
ATP synthase
photosystems
Stroma- outside thylakoids
Chapter 9- Cellular Respiration
Where does it take place= mitochondria and requires oxygen
What cells perform it= all eukaryotic cells
3 parts of Cellular Respiration


glycolysis 
Krebs cycle 
glucose
pyruvic acid=electron carriers (FADH2 and NADH)
Equation
 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy(heat)
Types of Fermentation- does not require oxygen
 Alcoholic- baking and brewing
 Lactic acid- in muscles
Chapter 10
Cell growth= volume increases faster; decrease ratio
 SA= elimination of wastes
 Volume= amount of nutrients necessary
1. DNA overload
2. obtaining enough food.
3. expelling wastes.
cell cycle
 Interphase
1. G1= growth
2. S = DNA doubled
3. G2= prep for mitosis
 Cell Division (M phase)
ETC
produces a lot ATP
1. Mitosis
o Prophase →Metaphase→ Anaphase→Telophase
2. Cytokinesis
o Plants= cell plate
o Animals= cleavage
structure of a chromosome= centromere, sister chromatids
cancer= uncontrolled growth that form masses called tumors
P53- tumor suppressor
cell growth controls= contact with other cells
Chapter 11
Mendel studied inheritance of traits; his principles apply to all living things
Genetics is the study of heredity
 Genes are the heritable factors passed from parents to offspring
 Generations= P -> F1 -> F2
Principle of Dominance= some alleles are dominant some are recessive
Principle of Independent assortment= chromosomes assort independently
Principle of Segregation= during gamete formation, chromosomes
Probility- likihood a particular event will occur, regardless of what happened
previously
 Flipping a coin 50% heads (EVERY TIME)
 Punnett squares show all possible outcomes of offspring
Terms
 Heterozygous- having different alleles for a trait
 Homozygous- having the same alleles for a trait
 Alleles- different versions of genes for a trait
Gene Interaction
 Codominance= both alleles are expressed
 Incomplete dominance= blending
Meiosis
 Makes gametes
 Produces 4 genetically different haploid cells
 4 good sperm; 1 good egg and 3 polar bodies
 Prophase 1
 Homologous chromosomes pair up
 Crossing Over happens
Gene Maps
 Show location of genes on chromosomes
 Are created using crossing over frequencies
 The farther two genes are located, the LESS likely they are to be inherited
together.