UNIT 9- SYSTEMS (PART 1)
CHAPTER
20: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
Structure and Function in Animal Tissues
20.1
20.2
20.3–20.7
Describe the levels of organization in an animal’s body.
Explain how size and shape can influence the structure of an animal.
Define a tissue, describe the four main types of animal tissue, and note their structures and functions.
Organs and Organ Systems
20.10 Describe the general structures and functions of the 12 major vertebrate
organ systems.
20.11 Compare and contrast X-ray, CT, MRI, and PET imaging technologies. Explain how each technology
works and its advantages and disadvantages.
20.12 Relate the structure of skin to its functions.
External Exchange and Internal Regulation
20.13 Describe the systems that help an animal exchange materials with its environment. Describe examples
of adaptations to increase the surface-to-volume ratio.
20.14 Define the concept of homeostasis and illustrate it with examples.
20.15 Explain how negative feedback is used to regulate internal body temperature.
CHAPTER
28: Nervous Systems
Nervous System Structure and Function (Ch. 48.1)
28.1
28.2
Describe the structural and functional subdivisions of the nervous system.
Describe the three parts of a reflex, distinguishing the three types of neurons that may be involved in
the reaction.
Describe the structures and functions of neurons and myelin sheaths.
Nerve Signals and Their Transmission (Ch. 48.2, 48.3, 48.4)
28.3
28.4
28.5
28.6
28.7
28.8
28.9
Define a resting potential and explain how it is created.
Explain how an action potential is produced and the resting membrane potential restored.
Explain (a) how an action potential propagates itself along a neuron, (b) why action potentials move in
only one direction, and (c) how action potentials relay different intensities of information.
Compare the structures, functions, and locations of electrical and chemical
synapses.
Compare excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Explain how the number and location of bound
neurotransmitters influence a receiving cell.
Describe the types and functions of neurotransmitters known in humans.
Explain how drugs can alter chemical synapses.
An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems (48.5)
28.10 Describe the diversity of animal nervous systems and provide examples.
Explain how the structure of the nervous system relates to the ways animals
interact with their environment.
28.11 Describe the general structure of the brain, spinal cord, and associated nerves of vertebrates. Describe
the formation, location, and functions of cerebrospinal fluid.
28.12 Compare the functions of the motor nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
28.12 Compare the structures, functions, and interrelationships of the parasympathetic, sympathetic, and
enteric divisions of the peripheral nervous system.
The Human Brain
28.14–28.15 Describe the main parts and functions of the human brain. Detail the structures and functions of the
cerebral cortex.
CHAPTER
30: How Animals Move
Movement and Locomotion
30.1
30.2
Describe the diverse methods of locomotion found among animals, and the forces each method must
overcome.
Describe the three main types of skeletons, their advantages and disadvantages, and provide examples
of each.
The Vertebrate Skeleton
30.6
Describe three types of joints and provide examples of each.
Muscle Contraction and Movement
30.7
Explain how muscles and the skeleton interact to produce movement. Explain how muscles relengthen
once contracted.
30.8 Describe the structure and arrangement of the filaments found in a muscle cell.
30.9 Explain at the cellular level how a muscle cell contracts.
30.10 Explain how a motor neuron signals a muscle fiber to contract.
30.10 Describe the role of calcium in a muscle contraction.
CHAPTER
25: Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance
Thermoregulation
25.1
25.2
25.3
Distinguish between endotherms and ectotherms, providing examples of each.
Describe the four ways that heat is gained or lost by an animal.
Describe the five general categories of adaptations that help animals thermoregulate. Provide specific
examples of each.
Osmoregulation and Excretion
25.4
25.5
Describe the osmoregulatory challenges and associated adaptations of freshwater and saltwater fish,
terrestrial arthropods, and terrestrial vertebrates.
Describe the three ways that animals eliminate nitrogenous wastes, and the advantages and
disadvantages of each method.
25.6
25.7
25.8
25.9
CHAPTER
Describe the general and specific structure of the human kidney. Explain how this organ promotes
homeostasis.
Describe the four major processes by which the human excretory system
produces and disposes of urine.
Describe the key events in the process of converting filtrate into urine in the kidneys.
Explain how antidiuretic hormone contributes to homeostasis.
26: Hormones and the Endocrine System
The Nature of Chemical Regulation
26.1
26.1
26.2
Compare the mechanisms and functions of the endocrine and nervous systems, noting areas of overlap.
Distinguish between hormones, local regulators, pheromones, and neurotransmitters.
Distinguish between the two major classes of vertebrate hormones and compare the two general
mechanisms by which hormones trigger changes in target cells.
The Vertebrate Endocrine System
26.3
26.4
Describe the different types of vertebrate endocrine organs noting their specific functions.
Describe the functions of and interrelationships between the hypothalamus and the anterior and
posterior pituitary glands.
Hormones and Homeostasis
26.5
26.6
26.7
CHAPTER
Describe the functions of the thyroid gland. Describe the symptoms of hypothyroidism,
hyperthyroidism, and goiter.
Explain how the thyroid and parathyroid glands maintain calcium homeostasis.
Explain how insulin and glucagon manage blood glucose levels.
21: Nutrition and Digestion
Obtaining and Processing Food
21.1
21.2
21.3
Define and distinguish between carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, suspension feeders, substrate
feeders, fluid feeders, and bulk feeders.
Describe the four stages of food processing. Explain how animals are protected against self-digestion.
Compare the structures and functions of a gastrovascular cavity and an alimentary canal. Describe the
specialized digestive systems of an earthworm, a grasshopper, and a bird.
Human Digestive System
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.8
Describe the main components of the human alimentary canal and the associated digestive glands.
Describe the functional components of saliva and the types and functions of the teeth in humans.
Explain how swallowing occurs and how food is directed away from the trachea.
Relate the structure of the stomach to its functions. Describe the functions of the secretions of the
stomach. Finally, explain why the stomach does not digest itself.
21.10 Describe the different types of chemical digestion that occur in the small intestine. Explain how the
structure of the small intestine promotes nutrient absorption.
21.11 Explain how the liver helps to regulate the chemical composition of blood.
21.12 Describe the structures and functions of the colon and rectum. Note the causes of diarrhea and
constipation.