Lab # 2
Bio 261, Microbiology
Prof. Santos

• Ex’s 9, 11, and 12

Aseptic technique refers to the reduction of contamination from the environment and other areas as the scientist is transferring bacteria from one medium to another.

1- wipe your work area before, and after you are done working
2- If you ever spill something, please call me because it needs to be wiped immediately and the area needs to disinfected again with Lysol!
3- when dealing with microorganisms, you need to maintain sterile conditions.

1- when transferring from a liquid medium to a liquid medium, flame the mouth of the tubes and flame the loop until it is red hot. Follow the protocol on the book. I will demonstrate in class as well. The purpose is to maintain the purity and to make sure you have only a pure culture!

2- when transferring from a liquid to a solid, flame the mouth of tube, flame the loop and only open the plate slightly and gently streak the agar surface. DO NOT LEAVE THE PLATE
EXPOSED TO AIR!
• Label the bottom of a plate and invert in the incubator to prevent moisture from condensing on the agar surface.

3- When transferring from a solid to liquid, flame the mouth of tube, flame the loop, and take out only a small sample of the culture.
• I will demonstrate!

The goals of preparing a good smear are
1- allow the cells to adhere to the surface of the slide so that they are not washed off during staining.
2- allow the cells to adhere properly so that they do not shrink during staining otherwise distortions and artifacts can interfere with our results

3- prepare a thin smear to allow only one layer of cells to adhere otherwise you will get layers of cells on top of each other and you will not be able to examine the individual cells!

• From liquid medium
A- draw a target circle on the bottom of the slide
B-Place 2 loopfuls of culture in the center of target circle and spread over the entire circle
C-Let it air dry
D-Using a clothespin, grab slide and pass it several times over the flame to heat kill and fix the organisms.

• From solid medium
A- Place 2 loopfuls of water in the center of target circle
B- disperse a small amount of cells with inoculating loop in water over the entire circle
C- let it air dry
D- Using a clothespin, grab slide and pass it several times over the flame to heat kill and fix the organisms.

• The use of a single stain to color a bacterial cells.
• Common dyes used to stain cells are methylene blue, crystal violet, and basic fuchsin.
• Dyes are either negative or positive.
• Since cells are negatively charged, they are best stained with positive dyes that contain cationic chromophores or coloring bearing ions!

• We will either stain an avirulent strain of
Corynebacteruim diphtheria or E. coli.
1- prepare a good smear of the culture
2- stain with methylene blue for one minute, use staining tray!
3- wash the stain off with water briefly!
4- blot dry with bibulous paper
5- look under the microscope

1- pleomorphism, several shapes of the cells
2- metachromatic granules, reddish granules of volutin
3-Palisade arrangement of the cells, picket fence arrangement of the cells