Bell Ringer #1 • Identify the nations in the following alliances: – Triple Alliance – Triple Entente Use Chapter 23 Section 1! Chapter 23 Section 1 & Not in Textbook The Road to War World War I • • • • 1914-1918 “The Great War” “The War to End All Wars” Involved powerful industrial nations and weaker unindustrialized countries Causes of World War I • M.A.N.I.A. • • • • • Militarism Alliances Nationalism Imperialism Assassination M.A.N.I.A – Militarism • Aggressive building of an army • Preparing for war • Extensive planning • Conscription- forcing civilians to serve in the military • Mobilization- getting troops and supplies ready for war M.A.N.I.A – Militarism After 1900 • Huge increase in size of European armies – – – – Russia- 1.3 million France- 900,000 Germany- 900,000 250,000-500,000 • Great Britain • Italy • Austrian-Hungary M.A.N.I.A – Alliances • Agreements between two countries • Increased security 1914: • Triple Alliance: AustriaHungary, Germany, & Italy • Triple Entente: Russia, France, & Great Britain • Led to “world” war M.A.N.I.A – Nationalism • Acting in country’s best interest • Extreme pride in one’s country • Self-Determination – Self-government – Anti-imperialist M.A.N.I.A – Imperialism • Desire to gain more territory (power!!) • European nations wanted Africa and China • Created rivalries M.A.N.I.A – Assassination • Gavrilo Princip (Serbian) assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand & wife (AustroHungarian) • Austria-Hungary government thought Serbian government planned assassination M.A.N.I.A – Assassination • Serbia is located in the Balkans 20th c. Crisis • Balkans (1908-1913) • Alliances had tension • Europeans wanted their own national states Timeline • June 28, 1914: Assassination • July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia • July 29, 1914: Russia mobilizes to aid Serbia • August 1, 1914: Germany declares war on Russia (because Russia is a Serbian ally) • August 3, 1914: Germany declares war on France (because France is a Russian ally) Bell Ringer • Describe trench warfare. Use Chapter 23 Section 2! #2 Chapter 23 Section 2 The War Summer of 1914 • Schlieffen Plan – 2 front (areas of fighting) war – Divided the German army in half 3 Steps: 1. 1st German army would hold Russian border 2. 2nd German army would rush to France through Belgium to defeat Paris 3. After France had fallen, the 2 German armies would work together to defeat Russia • Violated Belgium’s neutrality • FAILED!!!!!!!!! 1914-1915: Western Front • Schlieffen Plan • Sept. 6-10, 1914- Germany was stopped in France at the First Battle of the Marne – French loaded two thousand Parisian taxicabs with troops – Sent them to the front line 1914-1915: Western Front First Battle of the Marne – Stalemate (tie) – Neither France nor Germany could advance – Had to dig for shelter • Trench Warfare- fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire – Stretched from English Channel to Switzerland – Huge loss of life – Terrible conditions 1914-1915: Eastern Front • • • Mobile (moved) Huge loss of life Sept. 15, 1914Battle of Masurian Lakes • • Germany defeated Russia Russia defeated A-H • Freed Serbia 1914-1915: Eastern Front • Italy betrayed Triple Alliance – May 1915- Attacked A-H – Joined France, G.B., Russia • Germany and A-H defeated Russia – 2.5 million killed, captured, or wounded 1914-1915 • Italy, France, Great Britain, Russia = Allied Powers • Russia was almost out of the war • Ottoman Empire joined Germany and AustriaHungary = Central Powers • Both sides now could concentrate on the Western Front Western v. Eastern Fronts Western Front • • Stalemate- Kept both sides in the same place for 4 years Trench warfare- fighting from ditches Eastern Front • • • • • War was more mobile Russia was driven out of Germany Russia defeated AustriaHungary Serbia became free Italy broke alliance and attacked AH Bell Ringer • What is Total War? Use Chapter 23 Section 2! #3 Chapter 23 Section 2 The War Continued 1916-1917 Trench Warfare: • Trenches didn’t allow advancement • War of Attrition- each side tried to wear down the other – Heavy attacks – Huge loss of life 1916-1917 War in the Air • 1st airplanes – Spotted enemy positions – Attacked ground targets • Machine gun would be later mounted for air combat • Germans used Zeppelins– Giant hydrogen filled airships/exploded when hit 1916-1917 • Both sides wanted new allies Middle East • Lawrence of Arabia– 1917-18 – Arab princes revolted against Ottoman Empire – Won with British Great Britain • Australia, India, New Zealand Japan • Seized German islands 1916-1917: United States • U.S.= Neutral • British set up naval blockades – Prevented Germany from getting supplies by sea • Unrestricted submarine warfare – German subs sank military and civilian ships 1916-1917: United States • May 7,1915- Germans sank the British ship Lusitania – Killing 1100 civilians – 100 Americans – American government protested • January 1917-Zimmerman Telegram – Germany to Mexico – Intercepted by British – Encouraged Mexico to declare war on U.S. • April 1917- US declared war on Germany – Sent money and supplies – Troops arrived in 1918 1918: War at Home (US) • Total War- complete mobilization of resources and people – Affected all civilians • Governments set up draftsIncrease troops • Planned Economies – Econ Controls, Food Rations, Imports/Exports • Pres. Woodrow Wilsoneveryone is apart of the effort 1918: War at Home (US) • Propaganda- Ideas spread to influence public opinion (for or against) • Stirred up national hatred • Every country was faced with fleeting support • Increased propaganda and used guilt to build support • Exaggerated acts of enemies • Censorship- Newspapers, radio 1918: War at Home (US) New roles for women – Chimney Sweeps, Truck Drivers, Farm Laborers, Factory Workers • Women took over men’s jobs – Temporary (Ended after War) • Women's Suffrage (right to vote) – U.S., Germany, Austria, G.B. Bell Ringer • What are reparations? Use Chapter 23 Section 4! #4 Chapter 23 Section 4 End of the War 1917-1918 • Russia dropped out of the war due to their revolution – Ended the Eastern Front • United States joined the war – Psychological boost for Allied Powers 1918 • March– Germany launched a major attack – Headed towards Paris • July 18– 2nd Battle of the Marne – French, Moroccan, and American troops stopped the Germans • September 29– Germany knew the war had been lost End of the War • November 11, 1918 – Armistice- a truce agreement to end the fighting during war • Magic 11 – 11th hour of the – 11th day of the – 11th month (11am Nov. 11, 1918) Peace Settlement • “Big Four” – US, GB, France, Italy – Woodrow Wilson- United States – David Lloyd George- Great Britain – Georges ClemenceauFrance • Russia and Germany were not invited Peace Settlement • January 1919 – 27 Allied nations met in Paris • President Wilson’s Plan – Fourteen Points • • • • Open diplomacy Disarmament Self-determination League of Nations Peace Settlement • League of Nations – Jan. 25, 1919 – Prevent War • Reparations – Monetary payments from Germany to France and GB • Neutral Zone – Between Germany and France Treaty of Versailles • June 28, 1919 • War Guilt Clause – Germany was responsible for starting the war • Reparations to Allies • Demilitarization – Germany lost all weapons • Land returned to France by Germany New Map of Europe • Eastern European lines were redrawn • Ethnic groups were divided • Mandates– nation governed by another nation on behalf of the League of Nations – GB Iraq and Palestine – France Lebanon and Syria Bell Ringer #5 • What new form of government did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels create? • Who was the last tsar of Russia? Use page 618 and Ch. 23 Sec. 3! Chapter 23 Section 3 & Not in Textbook Communism and The Russian Revolution Communism v. Fascism Communist Fascist • Total state control • Modern lifestyle • Total state control • Traditional lifestyle Compared to… Liberal/Democrat • Modern/progressive lifestyle • Less control by state Conservative/Republican • Traditional lifestyle • Limited role of state One thing separates a conservative from a fascist and a liberal from a communist – FREEDOM. Political Spectrum Beginning of Communism • 1848 • Karl Marx & Friedrich Engles • Poor working conditions were blamed on capitalism • Capitalism- pursuit of wealth; private individuals or corporations own the means of production • New social system = Communism – Using the government to prevent oppression from capitalism Beginning of Communism • Bourgeoisie (capitalist oppressors) vs. Proletariat (working-class oppressed) • Growing hostility between the two groups “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.” -Karl Marx Last Tsar of Russia • Early 1800s – Russians were inspired by democratic movements in Europe • 1825 – Tsar Alexander I dies • No legitimate children – Options: (Alexander’s Brothers) 1. Constantine- Married outside of his social class 2. Nicholas I- Obtained the crown due to his brother’s breaking of the social class Last Tsar of Russia • Nicholas II – Married to Alexandra (German) – 4 Daughters and 1 son • Alexander was born with Hemophilia • Personality– – – – mild mannered lacked personality viewed as weak avoided direct involvement with the Russian people – Ordered security to “get rid” of problems Last Tsar of Russia • Bloody Sunday – January 9, 1905 – 100,000+ people – Peacefully marched through the center of St. Petersburg – Assembled in front of Tsar Nicholas’ winter palace – Singing “God Save the Tsar” – Nicholas was not home Last Tsar of Russia • (Bloody Sunday Continued) – Petition from workers to Tsar • • • • Shorter workdays Minimum wage Constituent assembly Constitution – Constituent- a person who authorizes another to act in his/her behalf – Palace guards fired upon the crowd • Killed 100s, injured 1,000s • Broke the bond between Tsar and the people Bell Ringer #6 • How did Grigori Rasputin gain influence over the Romanov family? Use Chapter 23 Section 3! The Russian Revolution Continued Russian Revolution Begins • Grigori Rasputin manipulated his way into the lives of Nicholas and Alexandra – Peasant – Self-proclaimed faith-healer – Holy man – Prophetical powers • Claimed he could find a cure for Alexander’s hemophilia A cartoon of Rasputin with the Tsar & Tsarina, supposedly drawn in 1916. Words in Russian mean 'the Russian Royal Family‘. Russian Revolution Begins • 1st Constitution- 1917 – Granted by Tsar Nicholas • Constitution acknowledged: – Working class as the ruling class – Basic rights of workers and peasants • A Duma, parliament, was created Russian Revolution Begins • Nicholas II – Continuous disasters, scandals, and military and political failures • Rasputin – Alcoholism and sexual scandals – Rasputin’s death1. 2. 3. 4. Poisoned with enough cyanide to kill 5 men (lived) Shot 4 times (lived) Beaten with clubs (lived) Drowned (died) – Later: 1. 2. Buried (dug up) Burned (said to have sat up in the fire) The February Revolutions- 1917 • Series of violent demonstrations and riots in St. Petersburg • Feb. 22- Tsar was away visiting WWI troops • Feb. 23- International Women’s Day- women protested the war and food shortages • Feb. 24- Massive strikes and demonstrations throughout capital The February Revolutions- 1917 • Feb. 25- Tsar Nicolas demands troops end the riots – Some troops open fire on protestors – Some troops supported the protestors • Feb. 27- 80,000 troops mutiny and joined the protestors • Mar. 2- Tsar Nicholas abdicates the throne – Temporary government is created by the Duma Murder of the Romanovs • July 17, 1918– Tsar Nicolas – Alexandra – 4 daughters – Son – Family dog – Servants • All murdered after being held in captivity over 9 months Bell Ringer #7 • Who was Vladimir Lenin? • What was his role in the Russian Revolution? Use Chapter 23 Section 3! The Russian Revolution Continued Rise of the Bolsheviks • Vladimir Lenin – Founded the Bolshevik Party • Radical political party • Emphasized the working class – Organized the October Revolution – First leader of the Soviet Union – Exiled to Switzerland during the February Revolution – Most historians believe the German government facilitated Lenin’s return to destabilize Russia – Evidence shows that Germany contributed an unknown amount of money to the Bolshevik party Rise of the Bolsheviks • October Revolution or “Bolshevik Revolution” – Overturned the Provisional Government and its leader, Alexander Kerensky – Established the Soviet Union – Took only 6 months to take over – Bolsheviks declared themselves a dictatorship – Renamed themselves the Communists Rise of the Bolsheviks • Alexander Kerensky was not a strong leader • The Provisional Government was disorganized • Bolsheviks were very organized • Composed of professional revolutionaries • Dedicated to their goals and capable of carrying them out Rise of the Bolsheviks • Lenin gains power over Russia – Proposed• Immediately end to WWI • Distribution of all land to peasants • Current landowners would not be paid for the land taken from them Birth of the Soviet Union • Star- Communist Party • Hammer- Working class • Sickle- Agricultural workers • Red- positive color in Russian tradition (later will represent communism) Birth of the Soviet Union • Bolsheviks used military power to force the country to comply with their vision • The Red Army suppressed insurrections throughout Russia • The Cheka (Secret Police) formed to enforce compliance with Bolshevik rule Bell Ringer #8 • What event led to the Red Scare during the 1920s in the United States? Use your brain!! The Red Scare Not in Textbook The Red Scare • Fear of Communism in the US • Based on nativism – Prejudice against foreign-born people • US Communist Party forms – Some industrial workers join • Bombs mailed to government and businesses – People fear Red conspiracy • Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer takes action The Red Scare • The Palmer Raids – Attorney General hunts down Communists, socialists, and anarchists – Anarchists- opposed any form of government – Raids trample civil rights and fail to find evidence of conspiracy The Red Scare • Sacco and Vanzetti Trial – Red Scare feeds fear of foreigners, ruins reputations, and wrecks lives – 1920, Sacco and Vanzetti are arrested • Italian immigrants; Anarchists – Charged with robbery and murder – Trial does not prove guilt – Jury find them guilty • Executed in 1927 Limiting Immigration • Anti-Immigrant Attitudes – Nativists: fewer unskilled jobs available so fewer immigrants are needed – Think immigrant anarchists and socialists are Communist Limiting Immigration • The Klan Rises Again – Bigots use anticommunism to harass groups unlike themselves – KKK oppose blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, unions, communists, and saloons • 1924- 4.5 million members – Klan controls many states’ politics Limiting Immigration • The Quota System – 1919-1921- number of immigrants grows almost 600% – Quota System- set maximum number that can enter the US from each country – Discriminates against southern and eastern Europeans – Prohibits Japanese immigration – Does not apply to Western Hemisphere Bell Ringer #9 • Turn in Study Guide (if completed). • Turn in Bell Ringers (you should have 8). • Have extra credit out (make sure your name is on it/them).