Biology
Chemistry Basics:
The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 6
Cells Biology:
Chapter 7 - 11
Biology - Chemistry
Topics
Essential Questions
• Introduction to
chemistry
•
What is matter?
•
What are the unique properties of water that
are necessary for life?
•
What are organic molecules?
•
Describe the composition and function of
organic molecules.
• Water the
substance of life
• Organic
Molecules:
composition
and function
Atoms
Subatomic Particles
 Protons (+)
 Neutrons (neutral)
 Electrons (-)
Atomic Characteristics
Atomic number number of protons
Atomic mass protons + neutrons
Subatomic particles interaction.
Ions Atom or group of atoms with
one or more positive (+) or
negative (-) electrical charges
Atomic Structure
Isotopes Two or more forms of a
chemical element that have the
same number of protons but
different mass numbers because
they have different numbers of
neutrons in their nuclei.
Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Chemical Bonds
Atoms
Matter and Chemical Reactions:
Matter Anything that has mass (the amount of material in an object) and takes up
space.
Elements Chemical, such as hydrogen (H), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), carbon (C),
nitrogen (N), or oxygen (O), whose distinctly different atoms serve as the basic
building blocks of all matter. Two or more elements combine to form compounds
that make up most of the world's matter.
Compounds Combination of atoms, or oppositely charged ions, of two or more
different elements held together by attractive forces called chemical bonds.
Atoms Minute unit made of subatomic particles that is the basic building block of all
chemical elements and thus all matter; the smallest unit of an element that can
exist and still have the unique characteristics of that element.
Ions Atom or group of atoms with one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical
charges.
Molecules Combination of two or more atoms of the same chemical element (such as
O2) or different chemical elements (such as H2O) held together by covalent
bonds.
Chemical Reactions
States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Phases
of
Matter
Characteristics of
water:
1. liquid at room
temperature
2. universal solvent for polar
molecules
3. water molecules are
cohesive
4. temperature of water
changes slowly
5. high heat of vaporization
6. frozen water is less dense
so ice floats
How does water
make life
possible?
• Carbon Chemistry
(Organic Chemistry)
– Make a list of ten ways
Carbon chemistry influences
our lives.
– Modern Marvels –Carbon
• Sugar
– Make a list of ten ways that
the chemistry of sugar
influences our lives.
– Modern Marvels –Sugar
Tests for different types of sugar:
Simple Sugars (monosaccharide) – Benedicts Test
Positive test – orange or green
Complex sugars (starch) – Iodine Test
Positive test – blue black
Carbon Compounds - Concept Map
Building blocks of all life
Carbon
Compounds
include
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Proteins
Building Blocks
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
Elements
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Macromolecules ID lab
Biology - Cells
Topics
Essential Questions
• Introduction to
Microscopes
1.
• Types of Cells
• Cell organization
• Animals vs.
plant Cells
• Cell Organelles:
Structure &
Function
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
What is the proper order of steps when using a
light microscope?
What are the two general types of cells?
Describe each.
How are cells organized?
What are the differences in plant and animal
cells?
Identify and describe the following cell
organelles: nucleus, plasma membrane, cell
wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and
ribosomes.
How does structure relate to the function of a
cell’s organelle?
How are cells specialized?
How do cells communicate with one another?
Microscope Care and Use
1. Always carry the microscope by holding the arm
of the microscope with one hand and supporting
the base with the other hand.
2. Place the microscope on a flat surface. The arm
should be positioned toward you.
3. Look through the eyepieces. Adjust the
diaphragm so that light comes through the
opening in the stage.
4. Place a slide on the stage so that the specimen
is in the field of view. Hold it firmly in place by
using the stage clips.
5. Always focus first with the coarse adjustment
and the low-power objective lens. Once the
object is in focus on low power, the high-power
objective can be used. Use ONLY the fine
adjustment to focus the high-power lens.
6. Store the microscope covered.
Microscope lab
Cells: The Basic Unit of Life *
Energy
Conversion
Mitochondria
Prokaryotic Cell (bacteria)
Nucleus
(information
storage)
Eukaryotic Cell
Protein
construction
and energy
conversion
occur without
specialized
internal
structures
DNA
(information
storage, no
nucleus)
Cell membrane
(transport of
raw materials
and finished
products)
Protein
Construction
ER
Packaging
Golgi Body
Comparing Plant and Animal Cells *
Common
Structures
Plant
Animal
Cell organelles
Structure / Function
Nucleus
Golgi
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Mitochondria
Plasma Membrane
Virtual Cell
The Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains the genetic
information DNA
Mitochondria
The powerhouse of the cell
Site of aerobic cellular
respiration
Chloroplast
The organelle responsible for
photosynthesis and the
production of sugar and
oxygen
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough (ribosomes)
Protein Assembly lines
Lysosomes
Waste disposal
Golgi
Packaging and Export
Plasma membrane
Regulates substances in
and out of the cell
Biology – Cell Energy
Topics
• Investigate and
analyze the cell as
a living system
including:
• Energy use and
release in
biochemical
reactions.
• Investigate and
describe the
structure and
function of enzymes
and explain their
importance in
biological systems.
Essential Questions
1. What is the source of energy for
cell activity?
2. How do cells store and use
energy with ATP and ADP?
3. What is the function of an
enzyme?
4. What are key components of
enzymes that allow them to
complete a task? What factors
affect enzymes?
Enzymes
Digestive Enzymes
Phosphate removed
High energy bond broken
ATP – ADP CYCLE
Phosphate added
High energy bond added
Energy used to remake
ATP the fuel all cells use
Energy released to do
cellular work
Energy
Output
Energy
Input
A-Adenine (nitrogen base) B-Ribose (5-carbon sugar) C- Phosphate groups
Biology – Cell Energy
Topics
• Investigate and
analyze the
bioenergetic
reactions:
• Aerobic Respiration.
• Anaerobic
Respiration.
• Photosynthesis.
Essential Questions
1. What are the reactants and
products of cellular respiration
and photosynthesis?
2. What factors affect the rate of
photosynthesis? Respiration?
3. Compare and contrast aerobic
and anaerobic respiration?
Which one is more efficient at
ATP creation? Which organelles
are involved?
4. What types of organisms use
aerobic respiration? Anaerobic
respiration?
5. What are the types of anaerobic
respiration?
Overview - Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
The Chloroplast
Light Dependent Reactions
Photosystem II
Hydrogen
Ion Movement
Chloroplast
ATP synthase
Inner
Thylakoid
Space
Thylakoid
Membrane
Stroma
Electron
Transport Chain
Photosystem I
ATP Formation
Light – Dependent Reactions
E – light Energy
F – light capturing
pigments
I – electron pathway
H – electron carriers
T – ATP synthase
Energy Molecules
V - ATP / ADP
L – NADP+ / NADPH
CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
Calvin Cycle
Light – Independent Reactions
CO2 Enters the Cycle
Energy Input
ChloropIast
5-Carbon
Molecules
Regenerated
6-Carbon Sugar
Produced
Sugars and other compounds
Photosynthesis: An Overview
Light and Water
CO2
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
NADP+
ADP + P
LightDependent
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Sugars
O2
Cellular Respiration - Overview
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
cycle
Fermentation
(without oxygen)
Electron
transport
Alcohol or
lactic acid
Glycolysis
Glucose
2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron
transport chain
Krebs Cycle
Part 1
Citric Acid
Production
Mitochondrion
Part 2
Electron
Transport
Chain
Section 9-2
Electron Transport Chain part 1
Electron Transport Chain part 2
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production
Cellular Respiration Summary
Mitochondrion
Electrons carried in NADH
Pyruvic
acid
Glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs
Cycle
Electrons
carried in
NADH and
FADH2
Electron
Transport
Chain
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Biology – DNA to Protein Synthesis
Topics
• Analyze the
molecular
basis of
heredity
including:
• DNA
replication.
• Analyze the
molecular
basis of
heredity
including:
• Protein
synthesis
(transcription
, translation).
• Gene
regulation
Essential Questions
1. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. What is
complimentary base pairing? What does DNA
code for? What does RNA code for?
2. How and where is DNA replicated? What does it
mean to be semi-conservative?
3. Why are hydrogen bonds important to DNA
structure?
4. What are the two parts of protein synthesis? What
does transcription produce?
5. Describe the 3 types of RNA and their function.
6. What is the role of an amino acid in protein
synthesis?
7. What is the importance of gene expression? How
are cells differentiated?
8. Are different cells required to produce different
amounts of proteins? What are the advantages
and disadvantages of overproduction,
underproduction or incorrect timing of proteins?
9. How do mutations affect DNA?
DNA - Structure
Describe the role of the
following key people that
identified the structure of
DNA:
Watson
Crick
Avery
Wilkins
Franklin
Chartoff
DNA – Secret of Photo 51
Scientific discoveries are a collaborative effort:
Why do you think Franklin was excluded from the Noble
Prize in 1962?
Compare DNA and RNA
DNA Replication
Transcription
DNA to mRNA
Translation
mRNA to Protein
Relevance:
The processes of
replication, transcription
and translation are
responsible for the
continuity of all living
things
DNA
RNA
Sugar – Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Nitrogen bases
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Bonding pairs
A – T and G – C
Found in the Nucleus
Double Helix
One type
Sugar – Ribose
Phosphate
Nitrogen bases
Adenine
Uracil
Guanine
Cytosine
Bonding pairs
A – U and G – C
Found through the cell
Single Helix
Three types:
Messenger mRNA
Transfer
tRNA
Ribosomal
rRNA
Biology – Cell Division
Topics
• Compare and
contrast the
differences
between
asexual and
sexual
reproduction
Essential Questions
1. Define the difference between sexual and
asexual reproduction.
2. Explain the process of mitosis. What occurs in
each step? What type of reproduction is mitosis?
3. Describe the process of meiosis. What occurs in
each step?
4. What is the importance of meiosis in sexual
reproduction?
5. Compare and contrast mitosis to meiosis? How
is chromosome number different? Is there a
change in the number of divisions? In cellular
material? How many cells are produced at the
end of each cycle?
6. What are primary sources of genetic variation
that occur during meiosis? Mitosis? Describe
each type of variation.
7. What are the advantages/disadvantages of
asexual reproduction vs. sexual reproduction?
Cell Division / Cell Reproduction
Mitosis and Meiosis
Take notes a
quiz follows:
Cell Cycle
Time for mitosis
Cell Division / Cell Reproduction
Mitosis and Meiosis
Take notes a
quiz follows:
Meiotic Mix
Comparison of Meiosis and
Mitosis