KNR 273
Definition of Profession /
History of TR

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Questions about syllabus
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Definition of profession
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History of TR

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A skilled profession performed for pay
Requires extensive education
Altruistic calling to meet a public need & to profession
Professional organization as major reference
Follows a code of ethics and standards of practice
Base practices on acceptable & scientific theories & principles

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Body of knowledge
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Theory
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History
Technical knowledge

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Know-how
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Technical knowledge (documentation, programming)
Know-what
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Purposes of TR
Know-why
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Theory Know-whether
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Moral judgment, ethics
Know-who

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Continues to grow and learn
Follows the TR process
Services based on a practice model
Uses evidence-based practice
Provides professional service & community service
Contributes to the body of knowledge

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Why study the history of TR?
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Knowing roots of a profession is critical to understand the present & shape the future
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Carter, Van Andel, & Robb (1995)

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Carter, Van Andel, & Robb (1995)
Since the dawn of time
1800-1935: Prenatal
1935-1965: Birth and Infancy
1966-1980: Childhood
1981-1990: Adolescence
1991-present: Young Adulthood

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Health care reform
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Phillippe Pinel – moral treatment
Benjamin Rush – therapeutic value of recreation for psychiatric clients
Florence Nightingale – humanitarian institutional reform
Development of a public & private hospital system
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Dorthea Dix – more institutions to decrease overcrowding in jails

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Rise of playground movement
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Industrial Revolution
Luther Gulick – YMCA
Joseph Lee – Playground Assoc. of America
Recreation as a tool in rehabilitation
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Lincoln State School and Colony in IL – study that folks with DD made better adjustment with play activities
American Red Cross - WWI

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WWII & Red Cross
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Recreation programs in hospitals
Provide meaningful recreation for pleasure and enjoyment
Recreation for all
End
Menninger Clinic
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Recreation as treatment or therapy
Treat or remediate illness or disability
Means to end

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1948: Hospital Recreation Section (HRS) of American Recreation Society
1952: Recreation Therapy Section of
American Association for Health, PE, and
Recreation
1953: National Association of Recreational
Therapists (NART)
1953: Council for Advancement of
Hospital Recreation

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1956: Voluntary Registration Plan
1955-1959: 1 st textbooks
Educational programs also began in this period
1963: “Therapeutic Recreation” term used

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1965: National Recreation and Park
Association
1966: National Therapeutic Recreation
Society
1967: Therapeutic Recreation Journal started
1971: 1 st Midwest Symposium on TR
1976: NRPA/AALR set standards for TR curricula

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1981: National Council for Therapeutic
Recreation Certification (NCTRC)
1982: NTRS Philosophical Position
Statement
1984: American Therapeutic Recreation
Association (ATRA)
1987: ATRA Philosophical Statement
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Modified therapy

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1987: NCTRC job analysis
1990: 1 st NCTRC exam
1993: ATRA try to change to ARTA
American Recreation Therapy Assoc.
1998: Alliance for Therapeutic
Recreation
1999: Crisis in higher education – not enough PhDs

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2005: Therapeutic Recreation
Education Conference
2007: ARTA voted down in 2009
2009: ATRA definition with controversy

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2010: NRPA changes…branches?
Networks?
NOW 1 national professional organization
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ATRA
NPRA: Inclusion Network

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What are your thoughts?