TWENTIETH CENTURY PHYSICAL
EDUCATION AND SPORT
MODERN PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
•1893—Thomas Wood—"The great
thought in physical education is not
the education of the physical
nature, but the relation of physical
training to complete education, and
then the effort to make the physical
contribute its full share to the life
of the individual, in environment,
training, and culture."
LUTHER GULICK
LUTHER GULICK
• YMCA Training School (1887-1900)
• Director of Physical Training for New
York City Public Schools (1903-1908)
• 1903—Public Schools Athletic League in
New York
– Class athletics—track and field;
basketball; baseball
– Athletic badge tests—dash; broad
jump; pull-ups
– Interschool athletics—Madison Square
Garden
LUTHER GULICK
• Jesse Bancroft served as Assistant
Director for physical training in New
York
• Elizabeth Burchenal directed the
Girls' Branch of the Public Schools
Athletic League, which featured folk
dancing
• 1906—Playground Association of
America
• 1913—Campfire Girls
• Play was the most important
educational aspect
THOMAS WOOD
THOMAS WOOD
• 1891-1901—Stanford—physical education and
health undergraduate curricula established
• 1901-1932—Teachers College—physical
education and health undergraduate and
graduate curricula (1927—moved into health
education)
• Emphasized educational goals through "natural
activities"—sports, games, dances, aquatics, arts,
and recreation.
• 1927—The New Physical Education with Rosalind
Cassady
CLARK HETHERINGTON
CLARK HETHERINGTON
• Stanford under Wood (1893-1896—
student and instructor)
• Clark University under G. Stanley
Hall—child-study and
developmentalism
• 1900-1910—Missouri—rid athletics
of abuses (supported women's
activities)
• 1923-1929—New York University—
physical education curriculum
• 1929-1938—Stanford
CLARK HETHERINGTON
• Play was a child's chief business in life
• Stressed attainment of educational
goals in physical activities
• 1910—Four phases of the educational
process
–Organic education
–Psychomotor education
–Character education
–Intellectual education
JAY NASH
JAY NASH
• New York University (19261953)
• Influenced by Hetherington
• Recreation—part of total
life experiences for all ages
• Emphasis on carry-over
sports
JESSE WILLIAMS
JESSE WILLIAMS
• Teachers College of Columbia University (19191941)
• Expanded Wood's ideas of physical education as
part of education, i.e., social education (John
Dewey), unified whole, and living in a
democratic society
• "Education through the physical"
• Physical development is a means to an end
(educational objectives)
THE NEW PHYSICAL
EDUCATORS
Nash
Williams
Stanford
Oberlin
Oberlin
M.D.
A.B.
Ph.D.
M. D.
YMCA Training
School
Stanford;
Teachers
College
Clark; Missouri;
Wisconsin; New
York; Stanford
New York
University
Teachers
College
POSITIONS
Supervisor of
YMCA Training
School; Director of
Physical Training
in New York
Professor of
Health and
Physical
Education
Professor of Physical
Education; State
Supervisor of
Physical Education
and Athletics
Professor of
Physical
Education
Professor of
Physical
Education
INFLUENCED BY
Hanna and Wood
Hanna,
Dewey, and
Williams
G. Stanley Hall and
Nash
Hanna and
Hetherington
Hanna,
Dewey, and
Wood
Gulick
Wood
UG SCHOOL
Oberlin
Oberlin
DEGREE
M.D.
UNIVERSITY
AFFILIATIONS
Hetherington
THE NEW PHYSICAL
EDUCATORS
Nash
Williams
UG and GRAD
programs; child
studies
UG and GRAD
programs
UG and GRAD
programs
Natural
activities;
complete
education
Play
Recreation; play
as a total life
experience for
adults and
children
Education
through the
physical; social
education
For developing
manly traits
Favored
sports and
games
Favored athletics
for men, when
controlled, and
play days for
women
Not as
important as
educational
values
Used to attain
educational
values
RELATIONSHIP
TO EDUCATION
All-around
development
Favored
complete
education and
social values
Philosopher
Apply education
to life and
recreation
Total
interdependency
of educational
values
IMPACT ON THE
PROFESSION
An innovative
play leader
Teacher
training
Leader in play
Recreation
leader
Writings and his
philosophy
Gulick
Wood
CURRICULUM
All-around
development
UG and
GRAD
programs
THEME
Play
APPROACH TO
ATHLETICS
Hetherington
CHARLES MCCLOY
CHARLES MCCLOY
• YMCA—22 years of service at home
and abroad
• University of Iowa (1930-1954)
• Organic unity—physical dimension—
the major aspect of the whole being
• “Education of the physical”
• Educational objectives—secondary to
the development of the physical
• Measurement—to develop skill and
strength
PLAYGROUND
MOVEMENT
•Colonial amusements—Puritan work ethic
•First playgrounds in urban settings
–1880s—Boston—sand boxes—later in
schools
–1890s—New York (Central Park), Boston,
and Chicago provided green space for the
upper class; opened playgrounds for others
–1894—Chicago—Jane Addams' Hull
House—one of several settlement houses
where play opportunities were provided for
children
PLAYGROUND MOVEMENT
•Commonalities of early playgrounds
–Preadolescent children
–Summer months initially
–Outdoor equipment
–In urban (populated) areas
–Philanthropic support (donated
land); later cities financed
–Supervisors were mothers and police
PLAYGROUND MOVEMENT
•South Park in Chicago—fields,
gymnasium, and other activity spaces
•Sport was used as a means of social control
for the assimilation of immigrants' cultures
and the socialization of American youth
•Began with playgrounds for children and
transitioned into recreation for all
–1906—Playground Association of
America
–1906—Boys' Clubs of America
PLAYGROUNDS TO RECREATION
•1910—Boy Scouts of America
•1911—Playground and Recreation
Association of America
•1912—Girl Scouts
•1913—Campfire Girls of America
•1930—National Recreation Association
•1965—National Recreation and Park
Association
•Clark Hetherington—The Normal Course
in Play—to train recreation workers
RECREATION MOVEMENT
•Depression—increased leisure
time—softball and bowling
•Industrial Recreation—1940s—
facilities and equipment provided
for leisure time usage by workers—
softball, bowling, and basketball
•1950s—beginning of outdoor
education movement—hiking,
camping, and backpacking
FITNESS
• 1965—Lifetime Sports Foundation—
carry-over sports to play throughout life
–Archery
–Bowling
–Badminton
–Golf
–Tennis
• 1970s—Fitness boom—jogging; tennis;
racquetball; aquatic sports
ORGANIZED YOUTH SPORTS
• 1920s—American Legion baseball
• 1930—Pop Warner Football—Joe Tomlin
• 1939—Little League Baseball—Carl
Stoltz
• 1950—Biddy Basketball—Joe Archer
• 1950—AAU age-group swimming; later
wrestling, skiing, and track and field
• 1967—AAU Junior Olympics
PHYSICAL FITNESS
•1953—Results of the Kraus-Weber Minimal
Muscular Fitness Test: 58% of U.S. youth
failed one or more items, while 9% of the
European youth failed (tested flexibility)
–On stomach—Raise legs (10 seconds each)
–On stomach—Raise upper body
–On back—Raise legs
–Straight leg sit-up
–Bent-knee sit-up
–Touch toes
PHYSICAL FITNESS
•1956—President Eisenhower
through an Executive Order
established the President's
Council on Youth Fitness as an
outgrowth of the President's
Conference on Physical Fitness
•1956—AAHPER Fitness
Conference
•June 1 -7, 1958—National
Fitness Week
PHYSICAL FITNESS
•1957—AAHPER's National Research Council
developed the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test
–Pull-ups (boys)
–Flexed-arm hang (girls)
–Sit-ups
–Shuttle run
–Standing broad jump
–50-yard dash
–600-yard run-walk
–Softball throw
PHYSICAL FITNESS
• 1958—Operation Fitness
sponsored by AAHPER
to stimulate fitness
nationally
• 1958—Results of the
AAHPER Fitness Youth
Test showed poor
performance by youth
(8500 boys and girls
tested in grades 5-12)
PHYSICAL
FITNESS
•1961—President's Council on Youth
Fitness published the "Blue Book" with
suggestions for a school-centered
program
–Identify the physically underdeveloped
student and work to improve
–Provide at least 15 minutes of vigorous
activity daily for all
–Use valid fitness tests to determine
abilities and evaluate progress