2013 Semester Exam
Study Guide
 30 years old
 Citizen for 9 years
 Resident of the state you are representing
 6 years
 25 years old
 Citizen for 7 years
 Resident of the state you are representing
 2 years
 35 years old
 Natural born U.S. citizen
 4 years
 2 term limit
 Separation of power among three branches of
government
 Checks and balances
 U.S. Constitution
 Rationalism – our ability to reason
 Rene Descartes
 Federal government was not strong enough to tax or
deal with national problems
 The government should not be involved in economic
matters – “hands off” or laissez-faire economics
 Maintain an army – protect citizens from invasion
 Maintain a police force – protect citizens from
injustice
 Maintain public works & infrastructure to facilitate
economic activity
 To protect citizens’ individual liberties and freedoms
from the Federal government
 life
 To ensure one branch of the federal government does
not gain too much power
 Rights all humans are born with
 Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
 To defend and protect citizens’ natural rights
 Alter or abolish their government
 Thomas Jefferson
 All men are created equal
 All men have natural rights
 Checks & balances
 Bill of Rights
 Citizens elect people to represent their interests
 9 justices
 Appointed by the President & approved by the Senate
 1st: freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly
 2nd: the right to bear arms
 3rd: no quartering of troops!
 4th: protection against unreasonable search & seizure
 5th: protects against self incrimination, double
jeopardy, guarantees a grand jury for serious federal
offenses, and ensures the govt must pay a fair price for
taking private property
 6th: Speedy and fair trial
 7th: Right to a trial by a jury of peers
 8th: Protection against cruel and unusual punishment
 9th: People have rights beyond those stated in the
Constitution
 10th: Powers not guaranteed to the federal government
are held by the states and their citizens
 Concurrent Powers: powers shared by federal and state
governments
 Enumerated Powers: powers specifically given to the
federal government
 Reserved Powers: powers of state governments
 Federalism: a system of government where power is
shared between federal & state govt’s
 Monopolies
 Trusts
 Cartels
 Provided a large pool of available labor
 Provided CHEAP labor
 Lack of sanitation
 Insufficient fire departments
 Riots/violence/crime
 Overpopulation
 Disease
 Tenement life
 Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890
 Telegraph
 Telephone
 The gap between the rich and the poor grew even
wider – rich get richer, poor get poorer
 Horizontal consolidation
 Formed the Standard Oil Trust
 From the owners perspective, they were paid less
which kept production costs low
 Families also needed the money to help provided the
basic necessities of life
 Andrew Carnegie
 People should be free to create as much wealth as they
can, but when they have ensured their businesses
sustainability & families security the rest should be
given back for the public good.
 Management & ownership….everyone but the workers!
 Formed the Standard Oil trust
 Horizontal consolidation
 As production increased, cost decreased
 “Survival of the fittest” Darwin’s theory of evolution
applied to society
 Those who are most fit to lead will rise to the top,
those who are not will sink to the lower classes
 Because it was justification for their position in society
 Cruel business tactics
 Cheated people to increase their wealth
 Looting America’s natural resources
 Exploited their workers – low pay, long hours,
dangerous conditions
 Bribed government officials to interpret laws/pass laws
in their favor
 Someone who starts their own business – assumes the
personal and financial risks of owning and operating a
business
 Supply and demand
As little a role as possible
 Sold the land given to them by the Federal government
via land grants
 Steel
 Gaining control of all of the businesses that make up
all phases of a product’s development
 Cheap and efficient mass production of steel
 Urban areas grew rapidly as people moved from rural
areas to find jobs
 To negotiate better hours, wages, and a safe working
environment
 To speak collectively as workers with one voice
 Their labor
 Decreased demand for skilled labor
 Public perception of organized labor
 Attitudes of ownership & the government towards
workers and unions
 Social Darwinism
 No laws specifically legalizing the existence of unions
or their practices
 Terrible working conditions
 Repeated wage cuts
 That unions led to violence, bloodshed, and anarchy
 Do whatever was necessary to resume production
 Industrial Union: a union representing all laborers,

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
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skilled and unskilled, in a given industry
Craft Union: a union representing only skilled workers
Scab: a negative term for a worker brought in to
replace striking workers
Injunction: A court order prohibiting a certain activity,
or ordering an activity to stop, as in a strike
Collective Bargaining: the process by which workers
negotiate the terms of their employment with
management/ownership
 Trust: A group of separate companies from the same
industry that are brought together under the control of
the same managing board
 Monopoly: One firm having complete control of a
product or service
 Cartel: a loose association of businesses within a given
industry that agree to regulate price and supply to
ensure everyone profits
 Economies of Scale: the phenomenon that as
production increases, the cost of each item produced
is lowered
 To stabilize and regulate the nation’s banking system
to prevent depressions and panics
 Regulate interest rates and the amount of money in
circulation (money supply)
 Clayton Anti Trust Act, 1916
 Specifically listed illegal practices of big businesses
 Created the Federal Trade Commission to enforce the
law
 Legalized labor unions and their main practices
 Strikes
 Boycotts
 Peaceful picketing
 African Americans
 Bull Moose Party
 To investigate business practices and order companies
to “cease and desist” any activities forbidden by the
Clayton Act or face disciplinary measures
 Council-Manager system
 Recall
 Split of the Republican party
 Candidacy of Theodore Roosevelt on the Progressive
ticket
 He ran on a platform of lowering tariffs and the initial
bill did this, however the final version also included an
increase in tariff rates
 The industrial working class/urban residents
 Uncovered the evils of America’s industrial society and
exposed them to the public through publication of
articles, books, photographs, etc.
 17th Amendment
 Direct election of U.S. Senators by the citizens of their
state
 He believed the conservation of America’s natural
resources was the job of everyone and crucial to the
future prosperity of the nation
 The government has an increased presence in the
everyday lives of its citizens
 Passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food
and Drug Act
 The FED (Federal Reserve System)
 To get rid of harmful business practices that were
restricting commerce and competition
 Suffrage – the right to vote!
 City Manager
 Initiative
 A program designed to ensure citizens basic needs are
met and to ensure a minimum standard of living for all
citizens
 Welfare
 Unemployment benefits
 Worker’s compensation
 Referendum
 Ida Tarbell
 Gave the ICC the power to regulate telephone and
telegraph rates
 He was adamantly anti-conservation, but appointed to
a position where his job was to manage the country’s
natural resources
 Plessey vs. Ferguson
 Socialists wanted to completely overhaul the capitalist
system; progressives wanted to keep capitalism but
reform the problems that had grown out of rapid
industrialization
 The role women played on the home front and abroad
during World War I
 Susan B. Anthony:
 Congressional Union: More militant and aggressive
women’s suffrage organization founded by Alice Paul
 National American Woman Suffrage Association:
Women’s suffrage org. led by Susan B. Anthony
 Conservationist: one who favors the protection and
preservation of natural resources and phenomenon
 Direct Primaries: citizens of a political party directly
vote for which candidate they would like to represent
their party in an upcoming election
 16th – federal government can collect an income tax
 17th – direct election of U.S. senators
 18th – prohibition: ban on the sale, making,
consumption of alcoholic beverages
 19th – women’s suffrage: women of voting age can vote
in all local, state, and federal elections
 To open and maintain trade with China
 imperialism
 Exaggeration of the truth in news stories to make them
more interesting & sell more papers
 To find new markets in order to solve the economic
problem of overproduction
 New sources of raw materials and new markets
 We crushed the Spanish in three months and suffered
very few casualties
 It made the movement of goods between the Atlantic
and Pacific oceans quicker, safer, cheaper, more
efficient
 Foreign policy of William Howard Taft based on
fostering positive relationships with foreign countries
through American investment
 The Platt Amendment
 President William McKinley did not believe Filipinos
were capable of self government.
 Imperialism and controlling foreign territory and
people reject the American ideal of liberty for all
 To protect American economic investments, trade
interests, and citizens all around the world.
 Imperialism: attempt by a stronger nation to create an
empire by dominating weaker nations economically,
politically, culturally, or militarily
 Banana Republic: nickname for Central American
countries whose political and economic decision
making were heavily influenced by American
investment
 Arbitration: settlement of a dispute by a person or
panel chosen to listen to both sides and come to a
decision; disputing parties agree to accept the decision
 Monroe Doctrine: U.S. foreign policy stating it would
oppose any attempt from an outside power to control
territory in the Americas; in return, the U.S. would stay out
of European conflicts
 Roosevelt Corollary: Theodore Roosevelt’s addition to the
Monroe Doctrine that stated the U.S. had the right to
intervene in the affairs of Latin American nations
 Sphere of Influence: areas of political and economic
control, as in the separate areas for Western powers trading
in Chinese treaty ports.
 White Man’s Burden: the duty of the Western, civilized
world to spread their religion, political system, law,
medicine, etc. to the uncivilized “heathen” people in Africa
and Southeast Asia
 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
 Bulgaria
 Great Britain
 France
 Russia
 United States (after 1917)
 The assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne,
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his wife, Sofia, by a 19
year old Serbian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip on
June 28, 1914
 Germany’s initial battle plan as it mobilized its forces
at the beginning of WWI. It called for a swift advance
westward through Belgium to capture France before
turning German attention eastward towards Russia
 A 19 year old Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip
 M – Militarism
 A – Alliances
 I – Imperialism
 N - Nationalism
 Neutrality and preparedness
 Great Britain
 Machine guns
 Tanks
 Planes
 Heavy artillery
 Chemical weapons
 By performing well in jobs vacated by men who went
overseas to Europe to fight in WWI
 Some of these jobs had never been open to women
before
 Women also volunteered to serve in the military as
nurses, drivers, and clerks
 Unrestricted submarine warfare by the Germans
 March 16-18, 1917 German u-boats sunk three
American ships
 City of Memphis
 Illinois
 Vigilancia
 An offer from the German foreign secretary to the U.S
made to Mexico offering land in the American
southwest in exchange for a Mexican declaration of
war against the United States.
 After WWI the U.S. was looked at as a global power
economically and militarily
 Other nations begin to look to the U.S. to help with
their problems and act as somewhat of a global police
officer
 10 million
 To serve as an international organization that would
maintain peace and stability for all of its member
nations by mediating disputes and resolving conflicts
before the erupted into violence
 Translation: to prevent another catastrophic global
conflict like WWI
 Assume all guilt for WWI
 Pay reparations to the Allied Powers totaling $33
billion
 By refusing to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, thus not
becoming a member of the League of Nations
 To ensure peace and stability for the world
 Brutal trench warfare
 To protect merchant and troop ships from being sunk
by German u-boats so supplies and reinforcements
could reach the Allied forces in Europe
 The entry of the United States into the war in 1917
 By employing old tactics and strategies that were not
compatible with the devastating new technology
 EX: “Over the top” – having soldiers charge over the
top of the trench out into “No Man’s Land” to attack
the enemy trench…as they are mowed down by
machine guns and snipers
 Undermanned, undertrained, generally unprepared for
combat
 The cease fire agreement took effect on November 11,
1918 at 11:00 am
 11/11/18
11:00:00 am
 It would draw the U.S. into costly future European
conflicts.
 The Treaty of Versailles