CSD 2230
HUMAN COMMUNICATION
DISORDERS
Topic 3
Introductory Anatomy and Physiology
of the Speech, Voice and Auditory
System
The Respiratory System
Anatomical Terms
Anterior toward the front
Posterior/Dorsal toward the
back
Superior upper
Inferior lower
External toward the outside Internal toward the inside
Medial toward or near the midline
Lateral toward the side
Deep away from the surface Superficial toward the surface
Anatomical Terms
Relating to Musculature



Origin a muscle’s point of attachment
that’s relatively fixed
Insertion a muscle’s point of
attachment that’s relatively movable
Action the movement of a structure that
occurs during muscle contraction.
Usually occurs at the insertion point
Respiratory System
primary biological function of the
respiratory system is to supply oxygen
to the blood and remove excess carbon
dioxide from the body
Supplying the power source for speech is
a secondary function
Structural Framework
of the Respiratory System
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vertebral column
Thorax
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Vertebral Column
Comprised of 32 separate bony vertebrae
joined together by ligaments or fibrous
connective tissue
Vertebrae


Body
Spinal processes
Vertebral Column



Cervical (7)
Sacral (5)
Thoracic (12) Coccygeal
(5)
Lumbar (5)
Thorax



12 thoracic
vertebrae
Sternum
12 pairs of ribs
Thorax

True Ribs




Costal
cartilages
Sternum
False ribs
Floating ribs
Pectoral Girdle


Clavicle
Scapula
Pelvic Girdle



Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Pulmonary System


Trachea
Lungs
Trachea


Cartilaginous and
membranous tube
20 horseshoeshaped rings of
cartilage that
extends downward
from the larynx
Pulmonary System
Musculature
1. Muscles of inhalation
•
Above the diaphragm
2. Muscles of exhalation
•
Below the diaphragm
3. Paired
Muscles of Inhalation
Diaphragm


A thin, dome-shaped
structure composed
of muscle fibers and
a broad tendon on its
superior surface.
As the diaphragm
contracts, it pulls the
lungs downward
increasing lung
volume
Other Muscles of Inhalation
external intercostals
 11 pairs of muscles
 located in the
spaces between the
ribs
 assist in increasing
the size of the
thoracic cavity
during inhalation
Other Muscles of Inhalation
internal intercostals
 paired with the
externals and lie just
deep to them.
 help control the
descent of the rib
cage during
exhalation
Pectoralis Major and Minor
Major is the upper
view; minor is the
lower view
Both assist in
elevation of the ribs
and in thoracic
expansion during
inhalation
Levatores Costarum



12 pairs
located on the posterior
aspect of the rib cage
serve to elevate the ribs
and expand the thorax
during inhalation.
Sternocleidomastoid
and Scalene Muscles
Found primarily in the
neck
Pull up on the sternum
and first 2 ribs
during inhalation
Muscles of Exhalation
External Obliques
Muscles of Exhalation
Internal Obliques
Muscles of Exhalation
Transverse Adominis
Muscles of Exhalation
Rectus Abdominis
Physiology for Respiration and
Breathing for Speech
Tidal Breathing

Rate and depth depends on the body’s
oxygen needs and amount of CO2 in the
blood
Physiology for Respiration and
Breathing for Speech
Inhalation

Rib cage elevates, causing the lungs to
expand
Exhalation




Thorax decreases, reducing lung volume
Air pressure in the lungs increases
Air rushes out
Passive recoil forces
Speech Breathing
Respiration during speech differs from quiet,
tidal, breathing in a number of ways:
1. during speech breathing, inhalations occur only at major
linguistic boundaries like between phrases and
sentences
2. during speech breathing, the time spent inhaling is
shortened greatly and the time spent exhaling is greatly
increased
3.
during quiet breathing, the air exchange during one
respiratory cycle is about 1/2 liter whereas one may
inhale as much as 2 liters of air during speech
breathing, depending on the utterance
4. speech breathing frequently requires active muscle
contraction during exhalation
Life-Span Issues
Regarding Respiration



Tidal breathing rate
Maximum lung capcity
Factors affecting lung function
1. Age
2. Exercise
3. Health
4. Smoking