The Protists Chapter 19.1
page 502 - 525
The Fungi Chapter 20
Page 528 - 547
(503) What is a protist?
Kingdom Protista:
1) Most diverse kingdom
2) Unicellular and Many multi-cellular
3) Microscopic
4) Some make own food,_______________
some don’t, __________________
What then, do all protists have in common?
They are all ____________
• membrane
bound organelles
• Nucleus
Groups of Protista
5) A ______________ is a unicellular animal
like organism.
– Moist environments
– Very diverse group
– All feed on other organism (dead or alive)
They are therefore _______________.
6) Four Diverse Groups
–
–
–
–
Amoebas (have pseudopodia)
Flagellates (have flagella)
Ciliates (have cilia)
Sporozoans (parasites)
Amoeba
7) Moves by sending out extensions of the plasma
membrane to move and feed
8) These extensions are called ___________.
9) Do not have a cell wall
10) To feed, the pseudopodia surrounds the food
Video: amoeba
Amoeba
11) Amoebas can remove excessive water with little
pumps called ___________ ________
12) Found in moist environments
13) Amoebas found in the sea are part of the ______
14) Plankton is assortment of organisms that float in
oceans and form base of the ocean’s food chain.
15) Radiolarians are an important part of plankton too.
16) Most amoebas reproduce by ________________
Flagellates
17) Get their name because they are protists with one
or more ____________.
18) Flagella allow for the protist to move about.
19) Some flagellates are parasites, causing diseases
like sleeping sickness.
20) Some protozoa are found in the guts of termites
and will digest cellulose as food.
Video- dinoflagellates
Flagellates:
 Zoomastigina – African sleeping sickness (506)
21) From bite of tsetse fly (506)
22) Cause chills and rashes, infect nerve cells
23) Lose consciousness and laps into deep & fatal coma
Chapter 19
Ciliate
Paramecium
What are ciliates?
24) Contain _________, hair-like
projections to move from place
to place
25) Paramecia are one of the largest
unicellular organisms.
26) Use cilia, oral groove,
gullet and food vacuole for
digestion.
27) Another ciliate: Stentor
Stentor
Ciliate
28) Paramecia reproduce asexually and sexually
by _____________. In this process paramecia
join and exchange genetic material.
29) Also paramecia divide through asexual
reproduction, by dividing into two identical
daughter cells
Asexual reproduction.
Sporozoans
30) Most of the Protist are in the group
Sporozoans, which produce __________.
31) Spores are a reproductive cell with a hard
outer coat that produces a new organism
without fertilization.
32)All are __________
33) This is the life cycle of malaria,
a disease caused by a Sporozoan
through the life cycle of a
Mosquito.
Reinforcement and Study Guide 19.1
Answers page 83. Protists
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
True
Animal-like, plantlike, and fungus-like
True
Animal-like
Pseudopodia
Contractile vacuole
Asexual reproduction
Flagellates
Cilia
Conjugation
Sporozoans
Plasmodium
mosquito
Algae: Plantlike Protists Chapter 19.2
page 510 – 525
Diatoms (below)
Algae: Plantlike Protist 19.2
What are algae?
34) Protists that photosynthesize are algae.
35) Algae use chlorophyll to trap energy from sun.
36) Up to 4 kinds of chlorophyll w/ various
pigments. (variety of colors in algae)
37) Can be unicellular or multicellular.
38)_Photosynthesizing algae are called
________________
Diversity of Algae
39) Six phyla of algae
40) Three of phyla (euglenoids, diatoms &
dinoflagellates) are unicellular
Euglenoids (511)
What are euglenoids?
41) Have both plant and animal
characteristics.
42) Contain chlorophyll & photosynthesize
but don’t have cellulose or cell wall
43) Can take in food similar to protozoans
44) Have one or more flagella to
move toward food or light
videos
Diatoms: The golden algae
45) Unicellular photosynthesizing organisms
46) Make up a large part of phytoplankton in
fresh and salt water ecosystems
47) Shells made of silica (sand) with two parts
48) Contain chlorophyll and carotenoid
(golden-yellow pigment)
49) Oil in diatoms helps
diatoms float on surface,
Will be closer to sunlight
Diatom
Diatom
Diatom
Dinoflagellates (513)
50) Have two (2) flagella located in grooves.
51) Cell spins slowly as flagella beat.
52) Makes up Phytoplankton in salt water.
53)Cause _________ , that kill fish, and
shellfish.
(513)
Dinoflagellates
Red
Tide!
Red Tide
Algae____________
Red Algae (514)
54) The next three phyla of algae has to do with their
color: red, brown, and green algae.
55) Red algae are seaweeds. The body of the seaweed is
called a ___________. Seaweeds lack roots, stems,
and leaves.
56) Red algae can survive deep water because light is
absorbed in the green, violet
and blue pigments. Red is the
part of light spectrum that can
penetrate deep water
(below 100m)
Brown Algae (514)
57) Brown algae are found in cool ocean water.
58) Many have ____________ that keep bodies
floating near the surface.
59)The largest of the brown algae are _________
60) Kelp forest are complete ecosystems.
Kelp (multicellular seaweed) (514)
61) Looks like plants but is not; no roots, stems or leaves
62) Has hold fasts to attach to rock
Brown Algae (Kelp)
Chapter 20
Green Algae
63) Most live in fresh water
64) But live in a variety of water; salt water,
snow, tree trunk, fur of animals.Volvox
65) Unicellular or
multicellular. Live in a
group of cells that live
together in close
association called a
_________.
Volvox
Volvox
Green algae reproduction
Plant like Protist
66) Reproduce sexually and asexually
67) Individual organism breaks into pieces and
each piece forms a new organism. This type of
reproduction is called ___________.
68) Life cycles that alternate between individuals
that produce spores and individuals that produce
gametes are called _____________
69) Alternates between haploid and _________.(516)
Forms sex cells
Forms body cells
Chapter 20-4 Plantlike Protist:
Red, Brown, & Green Algae
70) Colonial Green Algae:
71) multicellular
72) Spirogyra: forms threadlike long
colonies called filaments
Spirogyra –
undergoing
conjugation and
showing filaments
Internal structure
Chapter 20
Alternation of generations
Meiosis
Diploid
Mature Cell
Zoospores
Zygote
Sexual
Reproduction
Asexual
Reproduction
An organism’s
life cycle
alternates
between
___________
reproduction
and
___________
reproduction
+
Haploid
-
Chapter 20
Reinforcement and Study Guide 19.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The characteristic common to all protists is that they are eukaryotic.
Unicellular protists that are major producers of oxygen in aquatic
ecosystems are phytoplankton.
Unicellular and multicellular photosynthetic protists are algae.
Most green, red and brown algae are multicellular.
Photosynthetic pigments are used to classify algae.
Algae are classified into six phyla.
7. Phylum Euglenophyta
8. Contractile vacuole
9. Nucleus
10. Chloroplast
11. Flagellum
12. Eye spot
13. Pellicle
14. Mitochondria
Reinforcement and Study Guide 19.2
15. When diatoms that have been reproducing sexually reach about onfourth of their original size, they reproduce sexually.
16. Dinoflagellates are unicellular algae that all of the above; have two
flagella, create red tides, have thick cellulose plates.
17. Red algae are a kind of seaweed having pigments that absorb green,
violet, and blue light waves, which allows the algae to
photosynthesize in limited light
18. The air bladders of green algae allows the algae to float to surface.
19. A green algae that forms colonies is Volvox.
20. Some algae have a life cycle that has a pattern called (20)
alternation of generations. These algae alternate between a(n) (21)
haploid form that is called the (22) gametophyte because it produces
gametes, and a(n) (23) diploid form called the (24) sporophyte.
When the haploid gametes fuse, they form a(n) (25) zygote form
which the sporophyte develops. Certain cells in the sporophyte
undergo (26) meiosis to form haploid (27) spores that develop into
gametophytes.
Fungi
Chapter 20
What is a fungus?
Chapter 20
Characteristics of Fungi:
73) Are everywhere
74) Grow best in moist, warm environments
75)Have cell walls but not of ___________, like
found in plants.
Fungi have cell walls of ____________.
What is the structure of fungi?
76) Most are multicellular and have long
threadlike filaments called _________
77) Hyphae grow from __________.
78) As hyphae grow they form an network of
filaments called a _______________.
79) A germinating fungal spore produces hyphae
that branch to for mycelium.
(530)
Spore
Hypha
Mycelium
How do fungi get food?
80) Fungi can not make their own food, they
are
81) Food is digested ___________ the fungus’s
cells and then food is absorbed by digestive
___________
82) Enzymes break down large food
molecules into small food molecules
83) Small food molecules move into the
hyphae by Osmosis)
Reproduction in Fungi
84) Fungi undergo asexual reproduction
by pieces of mycelium breaking off called:
______________
85) Another asexual method in which a new
individual pinches off from the parent is
__________
Common Basidiomycotes
Diversity is obvious
• Mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bird’s
nests fungi, rust, smut, and bracket fungi.
Another Example of Mutualism:
Mycorrhizae and Lichens
86) Mutualism: a symbiotic relationship that benefit
both species
87) A fungus that has a symbiotic relationship: a plant and its
roots is ______________
88) Fine, threadlike hyphae grow around the plant’s roots
without harming the plant. The hyphae maintain water
around roots. The fungus receives organic nutrients from
the plant.
Mutualism: Mycorrhizae and Lichens
89) A _________ is a symbiotic association
between a fungus and _____________.
90) The fungus portion forms a dense web of
_________, the algae grows inside the web.
91) The algae provides food for both
organisms, the fungus protects the algae
from changes in the environment.
92) Often first to colonize an area in
__________ succession.
Chapter 21 – Fungi
21 – 2 Classification of Fungi

Mushrooms
Chapter 21

Jelly fungi
Bird’s Nest Fungus
Lichens
Fungi page 87-88 Worksheet
4. Many fungi are decomposers, which break down organic
substances into raw materials that can be used by other
organisms.
5. Fungi use extracellular digestion (outside) to obtain
nutrients.
6. Hyphae release digestive enzymes that break down
molecules in their food source.
7. Saprophytic are fungi are decomposers.
8. Parasitic fungi grow haustoria into host cells and absorb the
cell’s nutrients.
9. Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or
producing spores.
10. In fragmentation, pieces of hyphae grow into new mycelia.
11. The process of a parent cell undergoing mitosis and
producing a new individual that pinches off, matures, and
separates from the parent is called budding.
Fungi page 87-88 Worksheet
12. When environmental conditions are right, a spore may
germinate and produce a threadlike hypha that will grow
into a mycelium.
13. Some hyphae grow away from the mycelium to produce a
spore-containing structure called a sporangium.
14. In most fungi, the structures that support sporangia are the
only part of the fungus that can be seen.
15. Fungi may produce spores by mitosis or meiosis.
16. Many adaptations of fungi for survival involve spores.
17. Sporangia protects spores and keep them from drying out
until they are released.
18. A single puffball may produce a cloud containing as many as
1 trillion spores.
19. Producing a large number of spores increase a species’
chances of survival.
20. Fungal spores can be dispersed by: water, wind, animals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fungi page 89-90 Worksheet
2__ Hyphae called rhizoids penetrate the food, anchor the
mycelium, and absorb nutrients.
1__ An asexual spore germinates on a food source and
hyphae begin to grow.
5__ Spores are released and another asexual cycle begins.
3__ Hyphae called stolons grow across the surface of the
food source and form a mycelium.
4__ Special hyphae grow upward to form sporangia that are
filled with asexual spores.
Ascomycotes are also called (6) sac fungi because they produce
sexual spores, called, (7) ascospores , in a saclike structure,
called a(an) (8) ascus.
During asexual reproduction, Ascomycotes produce spores
called (9) conidia.
Fungi page 89-90 Worksheet
(10.) Conidiophores , which are elongated hyphae.
Morels and truffles are (11) multicellular Ascomycotes that are
edible. Yeasts are (12) unicellular Ascomycotes. (13)
Yeasts are used to make beer, wine, and bread. They are
also used in genetic research. A(n) (14) vaccine for the
disease hepatitis B is produced from rapidly growing (15)
yeast cell, which contain spliced human genes.
20. Penicillim is an example of a deuteromycotes.
21. A mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus
and a(n) plant.
22. Penicillim is an antibiotic produced by a deuteromycotes.
23. Plants that have mycorrhizae associated with their roots
grow larger
24. Deuteromycotes make up a division of fungi that have no
known sexual stage
Fungi page 89-90 Worksheet
(25) A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus
and a(n) alga or cyanobacterium.
(26) Lichens are pioneer species in all parts of the world.
(27) Scientists think that ascomycotes and basiciomycotes
evolved from a common ancestor.