Energetics
IB Topics 5 & 15
PART 2 : Bond Enthalpies & Hess’s Law
Above: thermit rxn
HESS’ LAW
The value of H for a reaction is the same
whether it occurs in one step or in a series
of steps.
H for the overall equation is the sum of
the H’s for the individual equations.
Hrxn = H1 + H2 + …
Example: Calculate the enthalpy of reaction, Hrxn, for the
formation of nitrogen monoxide from its elements
N2 + O2  2NO
Hrxn = ?
Using these equations:
4NH3 + 3O2  2N2 + 6H2O
H = -1530 kJ
4NH3 + 5O2  4NO + 6H2O
H = -1170 kJ
2N2 + 6H2O  4NH3 + 3O2
H = +1530 kJ
2N2 + 2O2  4NO
N2 + O2  2NO
H = +360 kJ
H =+180 kJ
flip
2
HESS’ LAW

Another way of thinking about Hess’ Law is
graphically in terms of “energy cycles.”

The enthalpy change for a reaction depends
only on the difference between the enthalpy of
the products and the enthalpy of the reactants.
It is independent of the reaction pathway.
HESS’ LAW
The enthalpy change going from A to B is the same
whether the reaction proceeds directly to A or
whether it goes via an intermediate.
A
H1
B
H2
C
H3
H1 = H2 + H3
H3? =H1- H2
HESS’ LAW
The enthalpy change going from A to B is the same
whether the reaction proceeds directly to A or
whether it goes via an intermediate.
A
H1
B
H2
C
H3
H1 = H2 + H3
H3? =H1- H2
HESS’ LAW with
DIAGRAMS
Let’s practice

.
HESS’ LAW
For example, the enthalpy of combustion of both carbon and
carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide can easily be
measured directly, but the combustion of carbon to carbon
monoxide cannot. This can be represented by an energy
cycle.
C(s) + ½O2(g)
-393
O2(g)
kJ mol-1
CO2(g)
Hx
CO(g)
½O2(g)
-283 kJ mol-1
-393 = Hx + (-283)
Hx = -393 + 283 = -110 kJ mol-1
Example: Calculate the standard enthalpy change when one mole of
methane is formed from its elements in their standard states. The
standard enthalpies of combustion (Hc ) of carbon, hydrogen and
methane are -393, -286 and -890 kJ mol-1 respectively.

Step 1: Write the equation for enthalpy change with the
unknown H value. Call this value Hx.
C(s)
+
2H2(g)
Hf
CH4(g)
Example: Calculate the standard enthalpy change when one mole of
methane is formed from its elements in their standard states. The
standard enthalpies of combustion ( Hc) of carbon, hydrogen and
methane are -393, -286 and -890 kJ mol-1 respectively.

Step 2: Construct an energy cycle showing the different
routes to the products (in this case the products of
combustion).
C(s)
+
O2(g)
CO2(g) +
2H2(g)
O2(g)
2H2O(g)
Hf
CH4(g)
2O2(g)
Example: Calculate the standard enthalpy change when one mole of
methane is formed from its elements in their standard states. The
standard enthalpies of combustion ( Hc) of carbon, hydrogen and
methane are -393, -286 and -890 kJ mol-1 respectively.

Step 3: Use Hess’ Law to equate the energy changes for
the two different routes.
C(s)
+
O2(g)
CO2(g) +
2H2(g)
O2(g)
Hf
CH4(g)
2O2(g)
2H2O(g)
Hc (C)  2Hc (H2 )  Hx  Hc (CH4 )
direct route
route via methane
Example: Calculate the standard enthalpy change when one mole of
methane is formed from its elements in their standard states. The
standard enthalpies of combustion (Hc ) of carbon, hydrogen and
methane are -393, -286 and -890 kJ mol-1 respectively.

Step 4: Rearrange the equation and substitute values to
solve for the unknown H value.

c

c

x
H (C)  2H (H2 )  H

c
 H (CH4 )
Hx  Hc (C)  2Hc (H2 )  Hc (CH4 )
Hx   393  2(-286) - (-890)
Hx   75 kJ mol -1
STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE OF
FORMATION, H f
data booklet 12

Definition: the enthalpy change when one
mole of the compound is formed from its
elements in their standard states at 298 K
and 1 atm of pressure.
◦ Note: it follows that the ∆Hf for an element in
its standard state will be zero.
0
0
H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(l)
∆Hrxn=?
 ∆Hrxn = ∆Hf (H2O) = -285.8 kJ mol-1
What is the standard state of carbon ?
solid
What is the standard state of oxygen ?
gas
What is the standard state of silver ?
solid
Using standard enthalpy of formation
ΔH reaction = ΔHf products - ΔH f reactants
STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE OF
COMBUSION, Hc
Data booklet 13
Definition: the enthalpy
change when one mole of a
substance is completely
combusted in oxygen under
standard conditions.
Example: An accurate value for the standard enthalpy change of
formation of ethanol can be determined from the cycle below.
2C(s)
+
3H2(g) + ½O2(g)
2O2(g)
3/2 O2(g)
2  H (CO2 )
3  H (H2O)

f
2CO2(g) +

f
3H2O(g)
?
By Hess' Law:
?
Hf (C 2H5OH)
C2H5OH(l)
3O2(g)
Hc (C 2H5OH)
?
?
2DH f (CO2 ) + 3DH f (H 2O) = DH f (C2 H 5OH) + DH c (C2 H 5OH)
2(-393.5)  3(285.8)  Hf (C 2H5OH)  (1371)
Hf (C 2H5OH)   273.4 kJ mol -1
BOND ENTHALPIES
data booklet 11

Enthalpy change (H) can also be calculated
directly from bond enthalpies.

Bond enthalpy for a diatomic molecule is
defined as the enthalpy change for the
following process:
X-Y(g) ↔ X(g) + Y(g)
BOND ENTHALPIES

Breaking bonds: H = positive (endothermic)

Forming bonds: H = negative (exothermic)

Calculating H from bond enthalpies:
Hrxn = (bonds broken) - (bonds formed)
Single Bonds
H-H 436
C-C 348
C-H 412
O-H 463
N-H 388
N-N 163
Double Bonds
C=C 612
O=O 496
(g)
Triple Bonds
C≡C 837
N≡N 944
+
Example: Calculate H for the
hydrogenation of ethane
(g)
HH (g)
Energy absorbed to break bonds:
Energy released as bonds form:
C=C 612
4 C-H 4 x 412
H-H 436
C-C -348
6 C-H - 6 x 412
2696 kJ
There is more energy released than absorbed,
so the rxn is exothermic.
H = 2696 – 2820 = -124 kJ mol-1
-2820 kJ
Single Bonds
H-H 436
C-C 348
C-H 412
O-H 463
N-H 388
N-N 163
Double Bonds
C=C 612
O=O 496
Triple Bonds
C≡C 837
N≡N 944
Example: Calculate H for the
combustion of hydrazine in oxygen.
This reaction has been used to power
spacecraft.
(g) + O=O (g)
N≡N (g) +
2
(g)
Energy absorbed to break bonds:
Energy released as bonds form:
N-N 163
4 N-H 4 x 388
O=O
496
N≡N 944
4 O-H 4 x 463
2211 kJ
There is more energy released than absorbed,
so the rxn is exothermic.
H = 2211 – 2796 = -585 kJ mol-1
2796 kJ
OMIT
Limitations of Using Average Bond Enthalpies

Average bond enthalpies can only be used if all
reactants and products are gases.
◦ If the H2O product in the previous example were a liquid,
then even more heat would be evolved since the Hvap for
H2O would also need to be included in the calculation.

Average bond enthalpies are obtained by
considering a number of similar compounds,
but in reality the energy of a particular bond
will vary slightly in different compounds (it will
be affected by neighboring atoms).

Thus, H values obtained using average bond
enthalpies are not necessarily very accurate.
WORTH TO LOOK AT :
DATA BOOKLET # 10 AND 11
# 10 = COVALENT BOND LENGTH
# 11 = AVERAGE BOND ENTHALPIES
WHAT IS THE Br- Br bond length ?
Cl- Cl bond length?
199 x 10-12 m
228 X 10-12 m
WHAT IS THE Br- Br bond enthalpy ?
Cl- Cl bond enthalpy?
193 kJ/mol
Which bond is stronger?
Why is the Cl-Cl bond shorter?
242 kJ/mol
Explain
Ozone Depletion
 FREE RADICAL
λ<330 nm
DEPLETION
The level of O3 in the atmosphere stays at a constant level
if the rate of formation is balanced by the rate of removal
Which step(s) is (are) exothermic ?
Which step requires more energy : the breaking of
the double bond in O2 or in O3 ?
Ozone O3
6e- x 3 = 18 e-
oxygen O2
6e- x 2 = 12 e-
1.21 A
Longer bond: weaker
Shorter bond:
stronger
Question:
Use section 11 of the IB data booklet to calculate the minimum
wavelength of radiation needed to break the O=O double bond in O2
O=O
bond enthalpy = + 498 kJ / mol =
+ 498,000 J / 6.02 x 1023 bonds
Energy photon needed to break one bond = E photon= 498,000 ÷ 6.02 x 1023 =8.27 x 10-19 J
c
=
λν 
E photon = hν
λ=c/ν

ν =E photon / h
λ = c . h / Ephoton
λ = 3.00 x 108 ms-1 x 6.63 x 10-34 Js / 8.27x10-19
= 2.41x10-7 m
= 241 nm
( 241 x 10-9 m )