College and Amateur Sports
1
CHAPTER 2
Chapter 2.1 College Athletics
2
GOALS
 Understand the funding of college activities
 Discuss the functions of management for college
sports.
 Describe the levels of management, and explain the
concept of Total Quality Management (TQM).
Think/Pair/Share - Answer
3
 What are some of the activities you might find on a
college campus?
 Where do they get funding for these activities?
Managing College Sports
4
 Universities rely on revenue from successful
management of athletics and student activities
 Needed to fund a diverse group of male and female
sports and activities

Research Activity: Look on line to see where many colleges
get funding for their athletic program(s) & other activities(s)

Only 7 of 228 NCAA D 1 schools make enough to cover expenses
 Answer:
 What is the subsidy amount in the form of student fees? or
 How much per year per student on average?
 Generally $50 to $1,200 per college year
Answer
5
 Are student activity fees legal at state run
universities?

Yes
 There are a number of organizations that are funded
by my activity fees. Am I forced to contribute to all of
these activities?

Yes and no

Only way to not fund if administratively and you must demonstrate
a reasonable objection. However, as you will see on the next series
of slides, your savings will be minimal at best.

You must ask yourself, is it worth the time and effort to save a few
dollars?
Ohio State University Activity Fee
6
 Research: Where does the activity fee money
go for Ohio State Students? Give the
breakdown in percentages
 What is the money generated from the fee
used for?
Ohio State University Activity Fee
7
 What is the money generated from the fee








used for?
A: The breakdown is:
53.20% campus-wide programming administered by
Ohio Union Activities Board (OUAB)
13.30% Discount Ticket Program (D-Tix)
12.75% student organization funding
8.65% student government funding
6.45% Signature Events funding
5.20% Buck-I-SERV (alternative breaks program)
0.45% Pay It Forward (local service initiatives)
Penn State Activity Fee Breakdown
8
Conclusions
9
 What conclusions can you draw from this
information?




College activities is more than just sports
College Activities is BIG business
College Activities need people and resources to run
Even if you do not like sports, you can benefit from student
activity fees
Successful College Programs
10
 Most successful colleges hire best coaches
 Recruit most talented players
 Keep stands full with paying fans
Managing College Sports
11
 What do successful college programs translate into
for colleges?
 Successful programs result in


More money
Greater attendance




Greater attendance is more money
More attention and money from corporate
sponsors
More money donated by satisfied alumni
More interest in the college

St. Joe’s after deep NCAA run
Managing College Sports
12
 Management responsibilities
 Obligated to carry out all necessary tasks for college sports
events
 List of Managers responsible
 College presidents
 Athletic directors
 Coaches
 Employees
 Responsible for ticket sales
 Security
 And all operational details
Managing College Sports
13
 In college sports it is the Athletic Director that has
the responsibility

Look up responsibility and job description for college AD
 For running all athletics on campus
 Generally a low profile job

If you do not think it is important, go to USA Today college
athletic director salaries
14
 Athletic Director Salary
Highest Paid AD’s At Colleges
15
USA Today article
Managing College Sports
16
 So why do they earn so much?
 3 points – ½ sheet of paper
 Look on line and summarize what are the job
responsibilities of a collegiate athletic director. List
at least (minimum) four of their major
responsibilities with a brief description of each.
Why Are They Paid So Much?
17
 Sponsorships and alumni donations
 Not for profit universities
 Winning
 Hiring (and firing) coaches
More Than Coaches & Athletic Directors
18
Managing College Sports
19
 Athletic directors, college presidents, coaches, and
many other dedicated individuals are needed to
carry out ticket sales, sponsorships, and the event
itself.
Management in Action
20
 Planning
 Organizing
 Implementing
 Controlling
Planning
21
 Scheduling all games
 Deciding and Scheduling games out of conference.
 Less-noted teams
 Televised games
 Conference alignment to better produce revenue.
Organizing
22
 A college sporting event is a major recruiting tool for
the university for both athletes and prospective
academic students.
 University funding
 Proper staffing so fans can feel SAFE
Implementing
23
 Carrying out game day activities,
 Activity: Working with a “Management team” come
up with a list of at least 12 things that need to be
handled on game day.
 This would be your checklist to use to be certain
everything is accomplished that needs to be done.
 Create in checklist format


Give detail like security
Different levels
Controlling
24
 What will take place in the future and streamline
operations.
 How would this be accomplished?
Specific Levels of Management
25
 What are the “Characteristics” of
 Amateur sports?
 Professional sports
 Business in general

Or what differentiates these from each other?
Look It Up
26
 What is the NCAA?
 What is their role or function?
Role of the NCAA
27
 National Collegiate Athletic Association
 Regulates collegiate athletics
 Responsibility for adherence to NCAA’s guidelines
 Athletic directors
 Coaches
Levels of Management
28
 There is typically more then one level of
management in most college athletic programs
29
 What is a Manager?
 What are the different levels of management?
 Video moment
 The use of people and resources to accomplish
organizational objectives
30
 Missing work
 Hand back papers
Managing Business and Sports
31
 Areas of Commonality
 Leadership and strategy
matter
 Value creation
 Ways to grow revenue
 Product innovation
 Quality matters
 Branding matters
 Fans/customer base
matters
 Areas of differentiation
 Winning
 Diverse objectives
 Manage in a fishbowl
 Revenue pooling
 Resource allocation rules
 Athletes are assets
 Manage the misbehaved
 Support the weakest
 Handicap the strongest
Levels of Management
33
 There is typically more then one level of
management in most college athletic programs
Executives
34
 Top level managers who spend most their time on
the functions of management.
 Executives usually have other managers reporting to
them.
Mid-Managers
35
 Spend most their time on one management function
such as planning or controlling.
 Responsible for a specific part of the program.
Supervisors
36
 Work directly with employees and are called upon to
translate an athletic departments plan.
 Major tasks include implementing
Nature of Management
37
 Levels of management
 Executives
Top level managers
 Time spent on management functions


Mid Level Managers
Most spend time on one management function
 Might be responsible for one specific part of a program


Supervisors
Work directly with employees
 Translate athletic departments plan into action
 Instill team spirit
 Responsible for seeing things get done

38
Activity – 4 pts
39
 Pick a manager – Parent, coach teacher, boss
1. Identify the function(s) each performs (parent, coach, teacher,
boss) 1 pt.
2. Identify the level of management you believe they are in their
organization (1pt)
3. Explain why you believe they are the level you believe using
the descriptions of levels of management used in class (2 pts)

Yes, you will hand in for 4 points
Nature of Management
40
 Total Quality Management
 Dr. W. Edwards Deming

Suggested
 Long term commitment to quality
 Customer satisfaction
 Employee satisfaction
 All always look for ways to improve
 Do it right the first time

All leading to success
 Relies on leadership from the top down
 It becomes part of the culture
TQM
41
 Views employees as valuable contributors to
organization


Not just a number or person doing a job
Asset to organization
TQM
42
 Developed by Dr. Edwards Deming in the 1950’s
 Quality, customer satisfaction and employee morale
lead to success
 Teamwork and employee involvement in decision
making
 Originated idea “do it right the first time and it will
cost you less”
 “If you don't do it right the first time, when
will you have time to go back and do it over?”
TQM
43
 Customer Satisfaction and employee motivation are
the top concerns over traditional management
styles.
 Customer satisfaction comes from doing things
“right” the first time with the customer
 TQM views employees as valuable contributors to
the success of customer satisfaction (and
organization) and uses training and education to
improve employee effectiveness
TQM Activity
44
 What is the cost to you for not doing something right
the first time?

1. Give three consequences for not doing school work right the
first time.

2. What is the cost to you if you have to do work over a second
time?
What is the average time it takes to do it a second time?
 What have you given up by having to do it a second time?
 Is there a dollar cost associated with having to do it a second time?

Consequences
45
 In the sports and entertainment world
 What are some consequences of not doing something right the
first time?

Movies: Scenes shot multiple times
Drives cost up
 Delay opening of movie


Sports: Jet not maintained/fixed properly

Sports team may be delayed arriving at destination or worse
 Poor travel arrangements
TQM
46
 Generally a cost associated with lack of quality in
work



Unsatisfied customers
Frustrated employees
Cost of doing something a second time
Encore page 33
47
 Questions 1 and 2 question and answer
 Questions3-6 answers only
Management Collaboration
48
 The NCAA has just hired a new President. As a
management team responsible for a conference in
the NCAA you have to bring the new President “up
to speed” on the conference.
 Prepare a presentation to the class on your
conference.
 This is a management team effort.
Management Collaboration
49
 Debrief:
 Observations
Need to improve your team participation
2. Pull your weight
3. Participate
4. Improve presentation skills
1.
50
Chapter 2.2
Managing Amateur Sports - Chapter 2.2
51
GOALS
 Describe the management functions
necessary for amateur sports.
 Explain the management of a
successful sports camp.
Read & Answer
52
 Go to my web site and read the article titled:
 Community sports pose management
challenges
 Answer the following questions:
Youth Sports
53
Name 6 challenges managers face in youth sports
2. How do managers come to understand an
organizations goals, policies and procedures?
3. Because they are at the forefront of sport “delivery”
who receives a considerable amount of training?
1.
Define
54
 What really is the purpose of youth sports?
55
 What are local sports organizations?
 What challenges do you think they face?
Issues In Youth Sports
57
1. What is the purpose of youth sports?
2. Do youth sports do enough to protect the health
and safety of participants?
3. Is winning everything or does everyone deserve a
trophy
4. What is ethical coaching?
5. How should parents behave?
1. Purpose Of Youth Sports?
58
 What are the Purposes?
2. Do YS Do Enough To Protect Participants?
59
 Protect from what?
 Other participants
 Bullying
 Being cursed at
 Pressure to play injured
 Yelled at by parent
 Yelled at by coaches
 Intentional injuries
 #1 fear of participants --- The
ride home with parents
3. Is Winning Everything?
60
 Read the article on a real management decision and
why winning should not be everything in youth
sports
 Article is on my web site titled:

The missing ingredient in U.S. Talent development

Read the article and be prepared to discuss.
Main point of article
 Do they make a good argument for winning not being everything?
WHY?

4. What Is Ethical Coaching?
61
5. How should Parents Behave?
62
Research and Write
63
 You are the manager of a youth league. You are
having “issues” and want to address these issues.
Therefore -- Using the graphic organizer provided, pick one of the
five topics listed on previous page and write a five
paragraph essay by answering the question posed.
 Typed: Hand in graphic organizer (5 pts)
 Rubric with written material are worth up to 20
points.
 See my writing tips for MLA format and a paragraph
Other Key Statistics - Youth Sports Issues
64
 Almost one in 10 acknowledged cheating
 13 percent tried to injure an opponent
 31 percent argued with an official
 13 percent made fun of a less-skilled teammate
 27 percent admitted to acting like a bad sport
 Compounding the above findings was a lack of
remorse for such actions.
 14 percent of the youngsters said they believe
cheating is an acceptable behavior
 32 percent consider arguing with officials to be part
of the game.
65
 Where do children “learn” these behaviors?
67
 Video: A professional athletes view on youth sports
68
 SI video on youth sports statistics
 SI video on violence in youth sports
 National Alliance for Youth Sports
Growth of Amateur Sports
69
 High school athletics have become important events
for small and large communities.
 Small towns often gain an image from their amateur
sports


Small towns often have signs about state champions
Go on line and look up the Allen Texas High School Stadium
Cost?
 Seats?
 What does it Include?

70
 Small town – Big Stadium
 Go on line and look up the Allen Texas High School
Stadium



Cost?
Seats?
What does it Include?
Youth Sports
71
The Allen Texas High School Stadium
72
 The new stadium will feature:
 Video Scoreboard
 Two level press box with film deck and Observation deck
 Home side reserved seating with seat backs
 1,5000 additional parking spaces with 4,500 total parking spaces
 18,000 seat Stadium with upper deck seating including:



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
5,000 reserved seating,
2,700 General Admission
4,000 Students
5,300 Visitor
1,000 Band
73

After looking at the cost and other factors, was it worth the
$60 million cost to the taxpayers of the community? Looking
at this as an Athletic Director of the Allen High School, would
you have recommended spending that amount of money for a
stadium and an equal amount for a state of the art performing
arts center?

Yes or

MUST answer the question why or why not.
No
Youth Sports
74
 Management of amateur sports has become
increasingly important




League
Tournaments
Recreation
Travel
Popularity
75
 Have grown in popularity
 Four reasons
1.
2.
3.
4.
Physical exercise
Social activity
Team skills
Community association
Management of Armature Sports
76
 Increasingly important
 Baseball, softball, soccer, hockey, lacrosse, football

Requires management to schedule games
 What management function would this fall under?
 Planning and organizing
Growth of Amateur Sports
77
 With your management team, develop a list of-- Who participates in amateur sports?
 Think demographics
 What are the sports that are considered amateur
sports?
 Is there any money to be made in amateur sports? If
yes, by whom?
Growth of Amateur Sports
78
 What defines a youth league?
 The greatest challenge in youth league sports has
become field situations and facility usage.
Mainstream Sports
83
 What do we mean when we say “mainstream”
sports?
 What things could be shifting young athletes away
from mainstream sports?
Mainstream Sports and Losing Young
People
84
 Decline of interest in traditional sports
 Movement away from team sports
Chapter 2.3
87
ECONOMICS
Economic Impact
88
GOALS
 Explain the financial impact of college athletics.
 Explain the financial impact of amateur sports and
amateur sports participation on the travel industry
 Describe the influence of amateur sports on family
spending.
Warm Up
89
 Should college athletes be paid?

Before you answer yes or know, consider this
 If yes, who gets paid? Where will the money come
from?
90
 We will look at this through a managers eyes by
looking at the economics of college sports
Financial Impact of College Athletics
91
 Most college athletic programs are, at best,
 Marginally profitable

Revenue less than cost
 Tough decisions because economic times make less
money available
A Look at Financials
92
 Go to my web site
 First, look at link for University of Michigan
Athletics financials.
1. What sport generated the most revenue? What %?
2. What were the three top sources of the revenue?
3. How much total revenue did they generate?
4. Rev vs. expenses, was there a surplus or deficit in
revenue? How much?
5. Vs. the budget, was the _______greater or
smaller than the budget?
Conference Revenues
93
 Go to my web site
 Look for the NCAA Revenue and Profits of Division
1A College conferences
 Overall, which conferences are making a profit?
 In your opinion, why are the conferences losing
money?
Financial Impact of College Athletics
94
 Now, thinking like a manager -- What about paying athletes?
 Where do lines get drawn?
 What would happen if athletes were paid given the
conference statistics?
 What are NCAA
 Views on athletes?
 Rules on amateur status?
Financial Impact of College Athletics
95
 In your opinion, is the NFL and the NCAA in collusion with each
other to force students to stay in college until they are eligible for
the draft in the NFL? WHY
 Look up the NCAA rules for eligibility and the NFL rules on
when a player may leave for the draft.
 Answer the question in paragraph form. This should be a
persuasive argument. If needed, a persuasive argument graphic
organizer is on my web site.
Pay Athletes
96
 Should College Athletes be paid?
 If yes, where would the money come from?
Think
97
 What do we consider traditional sports
 For Women?

For Men?
Title IX
98
 What is Title IX?
 Title IX bans sex discrimination at schools that
receive federal funding and sets parameters for
female sports that schools must meet
Title IX
99
 Look up the actual law for Title IX.
 What is the law?
 What does it mean?
 Title IX bans sex discrimination at schools that
receive federal funding and sets parameters for
female sports that schools must meet
Title IX – Actual Wording
100
 "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of
sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the
benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under
any education program or activity receiving Federal
financial assistance ..."
 Those words lead a section of federal law - 20 U.S.C.
section 1681, to be exact - known in the sports world
simply as Title IX.
Title IX and Managing Athletics
101
 All managers, AD’s in all Amateur Spots must be






aware of Title IX.
Don’t think so?
Go to the web site of the National Woman’s Law
Center
Go to issues----Title IX------Athletics
What is this site and what is on the web?
What law case have recently been won by them with
high schools?
See Title IX at your school, check it out.
Revenue Shortfall
102
 Shortfall of revenue has led to difficult decisions to




be made.
Athletic Directors can use different strategies to cut
costs
Tiering
Regionalizing
Cuts
Tough Decisions
103
 Tiering
 Fund (example) 6 sports at high level
 5 or 6 at a medium level
 5 or 6 at low level

Benefit is no programs cut
 Regionalizing
 Geographic limits set on recruiting and travel

Benefit is reduced cost
 Cuts
 Cut programs
 BIG problem with Title IX factor
 Not generally an option
Big Business of Amateur Sports
104
 Summary
 Amateur sports is supposed to be for the participants
primarilay
 There are a number of ongoing issues
Youth Sports & School
105