Unit 7
Gastroenterology
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Digestive System
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Steps in the Process of Digestion
1. Teeth chew food
– masticat/ion
2. Saliva combines with food
3. Tongue pushes food into throat
– Pharynx
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Steps in the Process of Digestion
4. Smooth muscle contractions push food down
esophagus to stomach
– ingest/ion
5. Hydrochloric acid and enzymes mix with
food in stomach
6. Broken down food moves to duodenum
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Steps in the Process of Digestion
7. Duodenal wall and pancreas secrete digestive
enzymes
8. Bile from gallbladder mixes in
9. Enzymes break down food components
– digest/ion
• Starches into glucose
• Proteins into amino acids
• Bile emulsifies fats
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Steps in the Process of Digestion
10.Nutrients and water absorb into blood and
lymphatic systems through intestinal walls
– absorp/tion
11.Undigested and unabsorbed food (feces or
stool) travel through large intestine to rectum
12.Feces expel through anus
– defecat/ion
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Animation
• Insert Digestion animation
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Carbohydrates
• carb/o = combining form
– Indicates presence of carbon in substance
• Example:
– carb/o/hydrates = contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and
oxygen (O) and provide energy for body
– Glucose
• Most simple carbohydrate in body
– Starch
• Carbohydrate in rice, potatoes, and flour
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Enzymes
• Special proteins that assist in breakdown of
fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in foods
• -ase = suffix to indicate enzyme
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Enzymes
Enzyme
Break down
lip/ase
fat into fatty acids
amyl/ase starch into simple sugar
lact/ase
lactose into simple sugar
lact/ose intolerance = difficulty digesting
milk products due to lack of lactase
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Malnutrition
• Over- or under-nutrition
• Obesity
– Being overweight for height and body frame size
• Due to hypertrophy of fat cells
– Causes:
• Overeating and lack of exercise
– Adds to risk of heat disease, hypertension, and arthritis
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Bariatrics
• bar/o = weight
• bar/iatrics = medical practice specializing in
prevention and treatment of obesity
• bar/atric medical center = provides nutrition
counseling, behavior therapy, and surgical
interventions
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Mouth
• stomat/o = combining form
• Origin
– Greek
– stoma = mouth
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Mouth
• Examples:
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–
–
–
–
stomat/o/pathy = any mouth disease
stomat/algia = pain in mouth
stomat/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of mouth
stomat/itis = inflammation of mouth
stomat/o/myc/osis = mouth fungus
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Mouth Procedures
• stomat/o/scope = instrument used to examine
mouth
• stomat/o/scopy = process of examining mouth
with scope
• stomat/o/plasty = surgical repair of mouth
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Oral Cavity
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Tongue
• gloss/o = combining form
• gloss/al = adjectival form
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Tongue Conditions and Procedures
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gloss/algia = pain in tongue
gloss/itis = inflammation of tongue
gloss/o/ptosis = prolapse of tongue
gloss/o/plegia = paralysis of tongue
gloss/o/scopy = examination of tongue
gloss/ectomy = excision of tongue
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Under the Tongue
• Terms meaning under tongue:
– hypo/glossal
– sub/lingual
• lingu/o = combining form for tongue
– Latin
• Some medications placed under tongue
– E.g., nitroglycerin tablets
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Lips
• cheil = word root
• cheil/o = combining form
• Examples:
–
–
–
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cheil/osis = condition or disorder of lips
cheil/itis = inflammation of lips
cheil/o/tomy = incision into lips
cheil/o/plasty = plastic surgery of lips
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Gums
• gingiv/o = combining form
• Examples:
–
–
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gingiv/al = pertaining to gums
gingiv/itis = inflammation of gums
gingiv/algia = gum pain
gingiv/ectomy = excision of gum tissue
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Terms Involving the Gums
• gingiv/o/gloss/itis = inflammation of gums and
tongue
• lingu/o/gingiv/al = pertaining to tongue and
gums
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Esophagus
• esophag/o = combining form
– eso- = in or toward
– phag/o = swallow
• esophag/eal = adjectival form
• Examples:
– esophag/o/sten/osis = narrowing of esophagus
– para/esophag/eal hernia = herniation around esophagus
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Esophagus
• Terms that mean pertaining to stomach and
esophagus:
– esophag/o/gastr/ic
– gastr/o/esophag/eal
• gastr/o/esophag/eal reflux disease (GERD) =
gastric and duodenal juices enter and irritate
esophagus
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Preventing GERD
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•
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Avoid eating just before going to bed
Avoid fatty foods
Lose extra weight
Elevate head of bed
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Stomach
• gastr/o = combining form
• gastr/ic = adjectival form
• Examples:
– gastr/o/rrhagia = stomach hemorrhage
– gastr/ectasia = dilation or stretching of stomach
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Gastritis
• gastr/itis = inflammation of stomach
• Common cause:
– Helicobacter pylori (HP)
• Transmitted through contamination by vomit
and feces
• Symptoms:
– Epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and dyspepsia
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Small Intestine
• enter/o = combining form
• Examples:
– enter/ic = pertaining to small intestine
• Tablets that dissolve in small intestine may have enteric coating
– enter/itis = inflammation of small intestine
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Structure and Function of the Small
Intestine
• Three sections:
– Duodenum
• Stomach contents enter and mix with bile and enzymes
– Jejunum
– Ileum
• Walls rich in blood supply and lymphatic vessels to absorb digested
nutrients
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Small Intestine Conditions
• enter/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of small
intestine
• enter/o/plegia = paralysis of small intestine
• enter/o/cele = herniation of small intestine
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Dysentery
• Disorder of small intestine characterized by:
– Inflammation, pain, and diarrhea
• Can be caused by drinking water contaminated
with bacteria
• Amoebic dysentery caused by amoeba-type
parasite
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Small Intestine Procedures
• enter/o/centesis = surgical puncture of small
intestine
• enter/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of small
intestine
• enter/ectasia = dilation or stretching of small
intestine
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Terms with enter/o
• gastro/o/enter/o/logy = internal medicine
specialty that deals with diseases of stomach
and intestine
• gastro/enter/ic = pertaining to stomach and
small intestine
• gastro/o/enter/o/ptosis = prolapse of stomach
and small intestine
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Colon
• Another word for large intestine
• col/o = combining form
• Examples:
– col/ic and col/o/nic = pertaining to colon
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Anatomy of the Colon
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Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
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Anatomy of the Colon
• Cecum
– Pouch at beginning of ascending colon
• ile/o/cec/al valve = location where digested
and undigested food moves from small
intestine into cecum
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Functions of the Colon
1. Receives contents of small intestine
2. Absorbs water and water-soluble nutrients
through its wall
3. Eliminates feces via rectum and anus
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Constipation
• con/stip/ation = infrequent or small amount of
bowel movement
• Origin
– Latin word parts meaning withhold or press together
• Caused by:
– Anesthesia use, aging, dehydration, and low-fiber intake
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Cathartics
• cathartic = laxative
• Origin
– Greek
– katharsis = purification
• Result in:
– Liquefaction of stool or relaxation of bowel (intestine)
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Cathartics
• Catharsis
– Also means emotional release
– Used in psychoanalysis
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Slow Colonic Motility (Movement)
• Caused by:
– Chronic lack of moisture and bulk in feces
• Conditions:
– Constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and diverticular
disease
• Treatment:
– Medications and increase in dietary fiber
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Diverticulitis
• Diverticula
– Outpouchings or pockets that develop in colon wall
• diverticul/osis = presence of diverticula
• diverticul/itis = infection and inflammation of
diverticula caused by trapped food that
putrefies and irritates tissues
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Terms with col/o
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•
•
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col/o/ptosis = prolapse of colon
col/o/centesis = surgical puncture of colon
col/o/pexy = surgical fixation of colon
col/o/ostomy = making of new opening in
colon
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Colostomy Sites
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Sigmoid Colon
• sigmoid/o = combining form
• Examples:
– sigmoid/o/scope = instrument used to examine sigmoid
colon
– sigmoid/o/scopy = procedure of examining sigmoid colon
with scope
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Fecal Occult Blood Test
• Test performed to detect occult blood in feces
– Also known as guaiac test
– occult = hidden
• Presence of blood sign of infection, ulcers, or
tumors
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Appendix
• Worm-like glandular structure growing from
bottom of cecum
• appendices = plural
• append and appendix = word roots
• Examples:
– appendic/itis = inflammation of appendix
– append/ectomy = excision of appendix
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Rectum
• rect/o = combining form
• Examples:
– rect/al = pertaining to rectum
– rect/o/cele = herniation of rectum
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Rectal Procedures
• rect/o/scope = instrument for examining rectum
• rect/o/scopy = process of examining rectum
with scope
• rect/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of rectum
• rect/o/plasty = plastic surgery of rectum
• rect/o/rrhapy = suturing of rectum
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Terms with proct/o
• proct/o = combining form for anus and rectum
• Examples:
– proct/o/logy = study of diseases of anus and rectum
– proct/o/logist = specialist in diseases of anus and rectum
– proct/o/plegia = paralysis of anus and rectum
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Terms with proct/o
• Examples:
– proct/o/scope = instrument for examining anus and rectum
– proct/o/scopy = examination of anus and rectum with
scope
– proct/o/clysis = washing or irrigation of anus and rectum
– proct/o/rrhaphy = suturing of anus and rectum
– proct/o/pexy = surgical fixation of anus and rectum
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Liver
• hepat/o = combining form
• Examples:
– hepat/ic = pertaining to liver
– hepat/o/pathy = any liver disease
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Accessory Organs
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Hepatitis
• Hepat/itis = inflammation of liver
• Hepatitis A
– Acute infection associated with food or water contaminated
by human waste
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Hepatitis
• Hepatitis B
– Serious viral infection transmitted by blood and body fluids
– Classified as sexually transmitted disease
• Hepatitis C
– Chronic condition usually transmitted by blood
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Cirrhosis
• Cirrhosis of the liver
– Debilitating disease when scar tissue forms in liver
• Caused by:
– Malnutrition, alcoholism, poisoning, or history of hepatitis
• Treatment:
– Diet modifications, vitamins, alcohol cessation, energy
conservation, and surgery
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Liver Conditions
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•
•
•
hepat/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage in liver
hepat/o/cele = herniation of liver
hepat/o/dynia = pain in liver
hepat/o/lith = stone in liver
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Liver Procedures
• hepat/o/scopy = examination of liver
• hepat/o/tomy = incision into liver
• hepat/ectomy = excision of part of liver
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreas
• Digestive and endocrine organ
– Digestive function:
• Produces amylase and lipase
– Endocrine function
• Produces insulin
• pancreat/o = combining form
• pancreat/ic = pertaining to pancreas
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Terms with Pancreat/o
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•
•
•
pancreat/o/pathy = any pancreatic disease
pancreat/o/lith = stone or calculus in pancreas
pancreat/o/tomy = incision into pancreas
pancreat/ectomy = surgical removal of
pancreas
• pancreat/o/lysis = destruction of pancreatic
tissue
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Animation
• Insert The Pancreas
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ERCP
• end/o/scop/ic retro/grade
cholangi/o/pancreat/o/graphy
• Purpose:
– Locate stone
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ERCP
• Procedure:
1. Insert cannula (tube) into common bile duct or pancreatic
duct
2. Introduce contrast media
3. Take x-ray
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Spleen
• Blood-forming organ
• splen/o = combining form
• Examples:
– splen/ic = pertaining to spleen
– splen/ectmy = excision of spleen
– splen/o/pexy = surgical fixation of spleen
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Spleen Conditions
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•
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•
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splen/o/pathy = any spleen disease
splen/algia = pain in spleen
splen/o/megaly = enlarged spleen
splen/o/ptosis = prolapse of spleen
splen/o/rrhagia = hemorrhage of spleen
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Spleen Procedures
• splen/ectomy = excision of spleen
• splen/o/pexy = surgical fixation of spleen
• splen/o/rrhapy = suture of spleen
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Atresia
• Blockage or lack of opening
• Origin
– Greek
– tresis = hole
• esophageal a/tres/ia = esophagus closed
• biliary a/tres/ia = bile ducts not open
– Bile backs up into liver
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Atresia
• intestinal a/tres/ia = congenital condition
when part of intestine closed
• mitral a/tres/ia = congenital closure of mitral
valve in heart
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Words Built from Digestive System
Terms
• jejun/o/ile/itis = inflammation of jejunum and
ileum
• chole/cyst/o/duoden/ostomy = new opening
between duodenum and gallbladder
• esophag/o/gastr/o/duoden/o/scopy =
examination of esophagus, stomach, and
duodenum
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Words Built from Digestive System
Terms
• chol/angi/o/pancreat/o/graphy = x-ray of
biliary and pancreatic ducts
• esophag/o/duoden/ostomy = new connection
surgically made between esophagus and
duodenum
– When entire stomach removed
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Words Built from Digestive System
Terms
• enter/o/cholecyst/ostomy = new connection
between small intestine and gallbladder
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.