Name:________________________________________GUIDED NOTES_ A NEW NATION 8th Grade
A New Nation….
 From May 25 until September 17, 1787, 55 delegates from different states met
in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the ________________________________________.
 The delegates had wanted to improve the Articles of Confederation, under
which the central government of the U.S. did not have enough power to govern
effectively.
 Instead of improving the Articles, the delegates ended up creating the U.S.
Constitution as a new framework of government to replace the Articles.
THE GREAT COMPROMISE…. VA
 When discussing how the new government should be run, delegates from
the states began a series of debates regarding the establishment and
organization of the legislature.
 The ________________________________________. called for a strong bicameral (twobody) legislative branch, with each state's representation based on its
population. It also planned to create executive and judicial branches..
 The smaller states, however, felt that a population-based legislature would
not give them any real representation, so New Jersey offered an alternative.
The Great Compromise…NJ and CONN.
 Under the New Jersey Plan,
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
 The disagreement was resolved by the _________________ Compromise, often
called the ________________________________________.
This plan called for a bicameral legislative branch in which the House of
Representatives had state representation based on population (to satisfy the large
states) while the Senate had equal state representation (to satisfy the small states).
Three-Fifths Compromise

The __________________________________ dealt with the differences of opinions
over representation.
 It also answered the question of whether slaves would be counted as part of
a state's population in the House of Representatives.
Delegates from the North and South disagreed as to whether slaves should be
counted in a state's population, since slaves did not have the rights of citizens.
Northern delegates
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
The delegates compromised and determined that 3/5 of a state's slave
population would count toward its actual population.
Commerce Compromise
Name:________________________________________GUIDED NOTES_ A NEW NATION 8th Grade
The _________________________________ responded to the conflict between
Northerners—who wanted _______________________ goods in order to limit
foreign competition
 Southerners—who _____________________, since they depended on selling their
cash crops overseas.
 The compromise determined that the government would be able to tax
imports but not exports, satisfying both parties.

Slave Trade Compromise

The northern and southern states were divided over the issue of slavery.
 In the _________________________________________, delegates agreed to prohibit
Congress from passing any laws banning the slave trade before 1808.
Republicanism

The concept of republicanism was important to the creation of the new
government in the United States.
 Republicanism can be defined as a concept of limited government in which
elected representatives serve at the will of the people.
 The basis for this idea is that the only legitimate government is one based on
the _____________________________.
Federalists and Anti-Federalists

With the new Constitution increasing power in the central government,
many felt that state governments and individuals would not have any power
themselves.
 Two political groups formed based on whether the Constitution should be
ratified.
 The Federalists
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
 The Anti-Federalists, on the other hand,
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
FEDERALIST PAPERS….
 Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay supported the Federalist
viewpoint and anonymously wrote a _______________________essays called the
______________________________.
These essays were published between October 1787 and August 1788 with the
goal of
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________.
 Federalists felt that the rights of individuals would be protected by the
constitutional provision of the _________________________________, which divided
the governmental power into three branches and gave each branch the
ability to check the other branches.
Name:________________________________________GUIDED NOTES_ A NEW NATION 8th Grade
 This ability, known as ________________________, would keep any one branch from
obtaining total power.
Too Much POWer…
 Anti-federalists did not support the Constitution because they believed it
gave the central government ________________________ over states and
individuals.
 They pointed out that,
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
 In order to address these concerns, the Anti-Federalists supported the
addition of a __________________________________ to the Constitution, which would
______________________________________________________________.
The Difference…
Electoral College
 One way of resolving concerns was by instituting the
_______________________________________________, in which state electors chose the
president instead of having the president elected directly.
 Through this process, individual states would still have influence, but most of
the delegates hoped that having educated electors would prevent a popular
tyrant from being elected by just gaining votes from the masses.
Bill of Rights

Most concerns about a too-powerful central government were addressed
by the 1789 proposal to add a bill of rights to the Constitution.
 Made up of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
Early Political Parties….
 The Federalist Period spans roughly the years from 1789 to 1801.
 This time period was
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
 Though George Washington
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Early Political Parties- Federalists
 The __________________ emerged in the 1790s under Alexander Hamilton.
Name:________________________________________GUIDED NOTES_ A NEW NATION 8th Grade
Federalists supported a _______________________________ and believed in a broad
interpretation of the Constitution through the elastic clause.
Federalists also supported Hamilton in his creation of a national bank and his
desire for the U.S. to pay back its debts from the Revolutionary War.
 Federalists were supported by merchants and traders who were encouraged
by the strong principles of the centralized government.
Democratic-Repulicans
 The Democratic-Republicans, led by ______________________, were started as an
opposition to the Federalists.
 Supporting the needs and aspirations of yeoman farmers, Democratic
Republicans supported __________________________rather than the
_____________________.
 Democratic-Republicans supported a weak national government that left the
states to make major decisions, and they believed in a narrow interpretation
of the Constitution.
 They opposed the creation of a national bank and many other issues that
Alexander Hamilton supported.
Important Events and IssuesJudiciary Act of 1789
 This act set up the national _________________, which is made up of circuit
courts, district courts, and the Supreme Court, according to the Constitution.
 _________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
 Also, the act asserted that federal judicial power was superior to that of the
states.
President Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793
 With the breakout of war between ______________ and _______________in 1793, the
United States found itself in a difficult diplomatic position because it had
signed the _______________________________with France in 1778.
 Even though the U.S. had signed this agreement, the U.S. chose not to
participate in the war.
 George Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality, and the United
States did not help either side.
Jay's Treaty, 1794
 Tensions between the U.S. and Great Britain increased in the mid-1790s due
to the continuing conflict between France and Great Britain.
Name:________________________________________GUIDED NOTES_ A NEW NATION 8th Grade
 The British had started pursuing a policy known as _____________________, which
mean
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
 To keep the peace, President Washington sent ______________________ to London
in order to negotiate with the British.
 During the negotiations, the British agreed to withdraw their troops from the
Northwest Territory, which would reinforce the boundaries agreed upon in
the _______________________________ at the end of the Revolution.
 In return, the U.S. would have to pay debts that were owed to British
merchants from before the American Revolution.
Pinckney's Treaty, 1895
 Jay's Treaty was incredibly unpopular with the American people.
 It also upset other countries, such as_____________, who thought that it meant a
U.S.-British alliance was on the horizon.
 As a result,
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
 In Pinckney's Treaty, Spain gave the U.S. the right to sail
the _____________________River and to use the port at ______________________________.
 They also agreed to give the U.S. _____________________________________.
Whiskey Rebellion, 1794
 In 1791, Congress passed a tax on ______________ made in the ___________________.
 Many farmers in western Pennsylvania grew grain that was used to make
whiskey and also distilled it.
 They thought the tax was unfair and refused to pay it. In 1794, riots broke
out.
 The federal government sent ________________________________ to stop the_________.
 This was the first time that the federal government had to use force in order
to make sure that its laws were being followed.
President Washington's Farewell Address, 1796
 Before George Washington retired from the presidency in 1797, he wrote a
letter to the American people detailing how he believed the country should
run.
 One of Washington's main arguments was that the country should not enter
into ________________________________or agreements with other countries.
 This could be done by avoiding foreign wars that did not directly impact the
United States.
 Another important point that Washington made in his address was that the
two major _________________________________in the U.S. should try to get along
better.
Name:________________________________________GUIDED NOTES_ A NEW NATION 8th Grade
He knew the parties did not agree on many issues, and he believed this would
cause problems in the future.
 He said in his letter that Americans should try to unite for the good of the
country.
Creation of the Navy Department, 1797
 In the late 1790s, tensions grew between the United States and France
because the _____________________________________________.
 In 1797, the U.S. sent diplomats to France in order to negotiate continued
peace between the two countries.
 The French, however, were upset following anti-French remarks made by
U.S. President ___________________________.
Result OF xyz…
 The French demanded that Adams
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
 This event, known as the _________________, angered the American government.
 As a result, the United States began to increase its defense spending, creating
the Navy Department and building up the army.
Though there was never a formal
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798
 In 1798, Congress passed four laws known as the Alien and Sedition Acts,
which were directed at the Democratic-Republican party and its supporters.
 The Alien Act
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
 The _______________________________made it illegal for U.S. citizens to say or write
critical remarks about the government.
 http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h463.html
 Thomas Jefferson and James Madison wrote papers that protested these acts.
They argued that states had a right to declare them null and void.
In response,
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
The Federalists did not agree with the ____________________ and _______________
Resolutions because they thought only the Supreme Court could declare a law
unconstitutional.
This issue of state power vs. national power was not resolved until later.
Election of 1800….
 Before 1804, the president was elected by having the most electoral votes,
and the person with the second-most votes became vice president.
Name:________________________________________GUIDED NOTES_ A NEW NATION 8th Grade
 In 1800, _______________________and his running mate _________________received
the same number of votes, with current President John Adams coming in
third and losing the election.
 The Federalist-dominated House of Representatives,
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
 They eventually voted to elect Jefferson after Alexander Hamilton convinced
them that Burr was a worse choice.
 In 1804, the ______th Amendment was passed,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________.
M__________________ v. _____________________, 1803
 At the end of John Adams' term, he appointed his supporters to positions as
judges and court officers. They were called "Midnight Judges."
 They did not receive their documentation to begin their positions before
Adams left office, however.
Newly elected President Jefferson instructed Secretary of
State _________________________________ not to give the appointees their papers.
One appointee, ____________________________, sued Madison for his papers.
 The case, Marbury
v. Madison_____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
 The Court ruled that the part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
Louisiana Purchase, 1803
 In 1803, the United States acquired the ______________________________from
France.
 This territorial acquisition more than ___________________ of the U.S. Because the
Constitution did not specifically give the _____________ the power to purchase
territory, there were doubts about whether the Louisiana Purchase was legal.
 Jefferson decided, however,
_________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
___________________________ Act, 1807
 At the time of the Embargo Act of 1807,
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Name:________________________________________GUIDED NOTES_ A NEW NATION 8th Grade
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
 Both countries said they would attack ships heading to their enemy's ports.
 The United States, which had been exporting goods to both countries, passed
the Embargo Act, ________________________________________________________________.
 The U.S. hoped this act would keep them out of the war between Great
Britain and France. The act hurt American businesses, however, and was
lifted in favor of the ________________________________________, which allowed
American exports to all countries except Great Britain and France.