Chapter 1 NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS PERIOD 1 (1492 – 1607) INTRODUCTION http://ap.gilderlehrman.org/period/1 “Clash of Cultures: Interpreting Murder in Early Maryland” “Since you [English Settlers] are here strangers, and coming into our Country, you should rather conform yourselves to the Customs of our Country, than impose yours upon us.” What is this quote referencing? What happened in this incident? What does this tell us about Native and European relationships? What’s the problem with the historiography offered by Europe during the age of exploration? Native American Histories Before Conquest 20,000 years ago—Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants 14,000 years ago—humans reached tip of South America These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative diseases The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat Over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species? Mammoths, mastodons, camels and even horses! Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role Agricultural Revolution – shift from hunter-gatherer to basic crops Maize, squash and beans What did agriculture allow Natives to do? Why is this so important? Cahokia Located in Illinois Contained approximately 200,00 people! Natives in the Mississippi and the Southwest disappeared, no one knows why Aztec Dominance “When we saw all those (Aztec) towns Aztecs settled valley of Mexico and villages built in the water, and other great towns on dry land, and that straight level causeway leading to Mexico, we Center of large, powerful empire were astounded…Indeed, some of our soldiers asked whether it was all a dream” Highly-organized social and political structure - Bernal Diaz de Castillo Ruled through fear and force Aztec priest performing the sacrificial offering of a living human's heart to the war god Huitzilopochtli Eastern Woodland Cultures Atlantic coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by English settlers Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s How did the division among natives help the English conquer them? Cultural Negotiations “we cannot tell whether everything that appears faulty to Men, is so in the Eyes of God” Diversity of language groups, ethnicities Place in society defined through kinship Natives who attended college were: “absolutely good for nothing being neither Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation acquainted with the true methods of killing deer, catching Beaver, or surprising an Diplomacy, trade, war organized around enemy” reciprocal relationships Threats to Survival TRADE DISEASE Native Americans were eager for European trade Contact brought population decline among American Indians They became dependent on, and indebted to, Europeans Cause: lack of resistance to epidemic disease Commerce also influenced warfare patterns Smallpox Measles Influenza Rate as high as 95% Columbian Exchange (Page 13) 1. How would you contrast the environmental changes of Columbus’ time to those that we are experiencing today? 2. Should the historian assign blame for the rapid spread of infectious disease among the Native Americans after contact with Europeans? Why or why not? 3. Do you think the Columbian Exchange had a more profound effect on the Old or the New World? West Africa: Ancient and Complex Societies Diversity of sub-Saharan cultures Islam Strong traditional beliefs Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans A history of empires Mali Ghana Portuguese were first to navigate to Africa (looking for slaves and gold!!) African soldiers sold POWs to Europe HOW MANY SLAVES?? 17th Century – 1000 Africans per year 18th century – 5.5 million transported to the Americas By 1860 – 11 million Before 1831, more African than Europeans came to the Americas Europe on the Eve of Conquest 984 AD – Eric the Red founded Greenland Why is it named “Greenland”? 10th century—Leif Ericson settled “Vinland” Why did Europe expand in the 15th century? Rise of nation-states Spread of new technologies Spread of old knowledge 1492—Columbus initiated large-scale European colonization L’Anse aux Meadows Materials excavated at L’anse Auz Meadows, on the northernmost tip of Newfoundland, provide evidence of a Viking settlement in North America. Using the materials excavated at the site, archaeologists have reconstructed the typical Norse dwellings, which had turf walls and roof and wooden doors and doorframes. Imagining a New World Spain becomes the first European nation to achieve conditions for successful colonization Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492—Jews and Muslims expelled Gives rise to conquistadores – Who were these? Conquest of Canary Islands provided rehearsal for colonization How? Christopher Columbus Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to finance westward expedition to “Cathay” (Where is Cathay) 1492—initial voyage Where did he land? Why was he SO lucky? 1506—died clinging to belief he had reached the Orient Made possible Spanish dominion in America Treaty of Tordesillas What did it say? Why was it necessary? How was this land given the name “America”? The Conquistadores Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish crown to subdue new lands By 1512—major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521—Cortés destroyed Aztec empire Montezuma v. Cortes for Tenochtitlan What happened? How did he defeat the entire Aztec Empire? 1539–1542—de Soto explored Southeast 1540–1542—Coronado explored Southwest From Plunder to Settlement Encomienda System rewarded Conquistadors Large land grants Indian inhabitants provided labor or tribute Appointed officials answered only to crown Catholic Church Protected Indian rights Performed mass conversions By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World Unmarried males intermarried Mixed-blood population emerged Mulattos, mestizos, criollos “The first encomenderos, without known exception, understood Spanish authority as provision for unlimited personal opportunism.” - Charles Gibson “The New World conquered by you, has conquered you in turn.” This tract, a summary of debate concerning the subjugation of Indians, contains the arguments between Bartolomé de Las Casas, the Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico, and Juan Gines Sepulveda, an influential Spanish philosopher, concerning the treatment of American Indians in the New World. Las Casas came to Hispaniola, in the Caribbean, in 1502 with a land grant, ready to seek his fortune. A Dominican priest nurtured Las Casas’s interest in the priesthood as well as his sympathy toward the suffering of the native inhabitants. In 1509, Las Casas renounced his land grant, released his slaves, and returned to Rome to take his religious vows. He returned to Hispaniola in 1512 as the first ordained priest in the Americas and denounced the Spanish exploitation of the Indians and the military conquest of the New World. His efforts to end the encomienda system of land ownership and forced labor culminated in 1550, when Charles V convened the Council of Valladolid in Spain to consider whether Spanish colonists had the right to enslave Indians and take their lands. Sepulveda argued against Las Casas on behalf of the colonists’ property rights. Sepulveda rationalized Spanish treatment of American Indians by arguing that Indians were “natural slaves” and that Spanish presence in the New World would benefit them. Citing the Bible and canon law, Las Casas responded, “All the World is Human!” He contradicted Sepulveda’s assertions that the Indians were barbarous, that they committed crimes against natural law, that they oppressed and killed innocent people, and that wars should be waged against infidels. Las Casas managed to convinced the theologians at Valladolid that the Spanish policy was unjust and had to change. However, his victory had no impact on the colonists, who continued to enslave American Indians. Las Casas has been called the “father of anti-imperialism and anti-racism,” and he greatly influenced the drive to abolish the Spanish encomienda system. The French Claim Canada 1608—Samuel de Champlain founded Québec The French wanted to find wealth AND convert Natives. How does this dictate how the French were to treat the Natives? French empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi French crown makes little effort to foster settlement Fur trade underpinned economy Indians became valued trading partners The English Enter the Competition Protestant Reformation played a major role in England’s rise to dominance Why? How? 1517—Martin Luther sparked reform in Germany 1536—John Calvin’s Institutes published in Geneva Reformation pitted European Protestants against Catholics Reformation under Henry Vlll (1509–1547) strengthened Crown Death of Mary I (1553–1558) cut short English Catholic CounterReformation Elizabeth I (1558–1603) consolidated English Reformation GREAT ruler, ended religious turmoil in England Militant Protestantism Lutheran Reformation God speaks through Bible, not through Pope or priests Justification by faith alone for salvation Calvinist Reformation Predestination—some persons chosen by God for salvation Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe Religion, War, and Nationalism Spanish hostility made Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood Sea Dogs’ seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes Elizabeth’s subjects raided Spain’s American empire 1588—Spanish Armada defeated Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement English experiences in Ireland shaped how they would conquer the New World To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric They would view Native Americans the same way Mystery at Roanoke Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke colony in 1584 He named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen The colony failed and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery Campaign to Sell America By 1600, no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertised benefits of American colonization The Principal Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries of the English Nation Claimed that England NEEDS American colonies What are the problems with his book?! Africans? Natives? Chapter 2 ENGLAND’S SEVENTEENTH CENTURY COLONIES JAMESTOWN Joint Stock Company – business venture where multiple people could invest without risk of bankruptcy London (Virginia) Company established Jamestown (with 104 men!) PROBLEMS: Salty water Swamp Malaria Searched for gold Didn’t want to work John Smith John Smith ◦ Took control of the ruling council in Fall 1608 ◦ “Work or get out” ◦ Help of the Powhatan ◦ Turned colony around! ◦ Accident...or was it? Starving Time – Winter of 1609-1610….Cannibalism? http://krwg.org/post/bones-tell-tale-desperationamong-starving-jamestown The “Stinking Weed” 1612 – John Rolfe begins to export tobacco Profits increase significantly in Jamestown In order to make Jamestown more desirable, they established a House of Burgesses ◦ First representative government in the colonies! Headright system – colonists who provided their own transportation received 50 acres of land! ◦ Gave rise to indentured servants ◦ What social effect did this have on the colonies? Maryland Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore (Cecilius Calvert). James I granted charter for friend. Act of Toleration – 1649 – Religious Freedom for some, Catholics pushed out soon after. ◦ Why was MD opened to Protestants? Protestant majority, reliant on tobacco Consistently had trouble governing the area, constant in-fighting over religion Maryland Toleration Act of 1649; September 21, 1649 That whatsoever person or persons within this Province and the Islands thereunto helonging shall from henceforth blaspheme God, that is Curse him, or deny our Saviour Jesus Christ to bee the sonne of God, or shall deny the holy Trinity the father sonne and holy Ghost, or the Godhead of any of the said Three persons of the Trinity or the Unity of the Godhead, or shall use or utter any reproachfull Speeches, words or language concerning the said Holy Trinity, or any of the said three persons thereof, shalbe punished with death and confiscation or forfeiture of all his or her lands and goods to the Lord Proprietary and his heires. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerdoc/maryland_tol eration.htm Baltimore in 1752, from a sketch by John Moale, Esq. Baltimore in 1752, from a sketch by John Moale, Esq. Baltimore was founded in 1629 and served as a shipping center for Maryland tobacco growers. By 1752, when this view was drawn, it had begun to show signs of developing into a prosperous port city. After the American Revolution, Baltimore expanded and by the 1790s boasted a population of over twenty thousand. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Reforming England in America PILGRIMS: Too much Catholicism in the Anglican Church! Moved to Holland What were the probems? Headed to America in 1620 on The Mayflower Planned on landing on VA, but went off track! Established the Plymouth Colony Landed in Plymouth, wrote the Mayflower Compact “A covenant to combine ourselves together in a civil body politick” PLYMOUTH TROUBLES Over half died the first year; Bradford helped them continue SQUANTO Who was he? How did he know English? What impact did he have? “First Thanksgiving” Never very financially successful THE GREAT MIGRATION 1630 Puritans in England searched for meaningful change to the Anglican Church Unfairly characterized More combative than Pilgrims, wanted to purify the Church from within! John Winthrop was a humble farmer who would lead them to Mass. Bay Colony GREAT MIGRATION “A CITY ON A HILL” Mostly farmers and textile workers MISCONCEPTIONS: Higher life expectancy Bound together by a common sense of purpose Adopted congregationalism Each church was independent of outside influences Blacks AND women were part of congregations By the 1630s, 40% of white males could vote! 1. Neither a democracy or a theocracy 2. Ministers possessed no formal political authority Excerpt: “A Model of Christian Charity” By Governor John Winthrop, 1630 ◦ “We must be knit together in this work;…we must uphold each other…in all meekness, gentleness, patience and generosity. We must delight each other, make others’ conditions our own, rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together… So shall we keep the unit of the spirit, in the bond of peace…ten of us will be able to resist a thousand of our enemies. For we must consider that we shall be as a City upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are on us.” Explain the impact of the Puritan philosophy and attitude on later events in American history. KEY CONCEPT: Puritans Went to the New World to preserve their own religious freedom Anne Hutchinson, exiled in 1638. In 1643 she and her family were killed in a war fought between the Dutch colonists and N. Americans Began American tradition of Freedom of Consciousness What does this mean? Roger Williams, fled MBC in 1636. Founded Rhode Island – community based on religious tolerance. Important Why? Shows what? p://www.rogerwilliams.org/biography.htm http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=84 Dissent in the Puritan Community Mobility and Division New Hampshire—1677 Made a separate colony from Massachusetts Bay Connecticut—1636 First settlements led by Thomas Hooker 1662, king granted a charter New Haven—absorbed into Connecticut Rhode Island—1636 Under Roger Williams, it accepted dissenters from Massachusetts Toleration, but much infighting 1663, king granted a charter New England Colonies New Netherlands 1609: Henry Hudson explores the Hudson River 1621: Dutch establish colony of New Netherland; New Amsterdam becomes capital of the colony Diverse and profitable bc of trade “unstable pluralism” New Netherlands/York Duke of York defeats Stuyvesant for Manhattan in 1664 and 1674 highly stratified society huge landowners population soars. York grants charters to friends Carteret and Berkeley to create New Jersey. Diverse but no strong government. “I cannot but suspect that an assembly would be of dangerous consequence” – James II Why? http://www.colonialvoyage.com/namstmap.jpg Confusion in New Jersey Given as a gift to two Civil War courtiers What type of government?!?! Only James had the right to decide upon this… Eventually sold to the Quakers – not financially successful Quakers/Pennsylvania “Those who tremble at the word of the Lord” These were members of the Society of Friends Everyone could be saved!! 1681: William Penn is given land in the Americas as repayment of a debt Escaped religious persecution 1682: Penn buys more land to establish Delaware & New Jersey Quakers: Pacifists Treated natives as equals, prohibits slavery Tolerated others faiths and nationalities Excellent with Agriculture & Trade Settling Pennsylvania The people of Pennsylvania “are a collection of diverse nations in Europe, as French, Dutch, Germans, Swedes, Danes, Finns, Scotch, Irish and English” – William Penn Welcomed anyone, not just Quakers! EXTREMELY diverse religiously Set up a unicameral representative government Eventually the “three lower counties” split off and became Delaware Carolinas Began by John Colleton, English planter from Barbados Difficult to recruit Englishmen; finally settled in Charles Town in 1670 Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, instituted for a balance between monarchy and democracy Prior to 1680, much of the Carolina population came from Barbados – why? Economy based on Indian Slave Trade and rice plantations 1729 – split into North and South Carolina Georgia How could its founding be seen as an “act of aggression against Spain”? Founded by James Oglethorpe, 1733 Philanthropist, pauper’s colony What is a pauper’s colony? Buffer state with Spanish FL, military setup in cities and land ownership. Eventually they allowed slaves, women and rum