Beginning of the Modern World - Mr. Morris's AP European History
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Beginning of the Modern World The Enlightenment The Enlightenment grew out of the Scientific Revolution that swept through Europe in the 1600s Analyze the major themes of the Enlightenment, who made its greatest contributions and how they were enacted prior to the French Revolution. Beginnings of the Modern Thinking started during the Ideas began modestly with grew out of Enlightenmen t with important thinkers -Isaac Newton -Laws of nature -John Locke protect citizens - Voltairetolerance/speech - Denis Diderot Encyclopedia - Cesare Beccaria Crime/Punishment -Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations - Charles-Louis Montesquieu three branches of government. - Jean-Jacques Rousseau Enlightened Despotism major themes Had Three Major Monarchs such as -Reason -Replaces faith (use reason to -Frederick the understand nature, not faith to Great understand God -Embrace -Nature enlightenment -Becomes God (nature and its laws are thinking understandable) -1st servant of -Happiness state -Human happiness is the highest aim -Catherine the (no more heaven, only here is certain) Great -Progress -Talked much, -Understanding nature will leads us to did little progress -Joseph II -Liberty -Many reforms, -For people to reason about nature none lasting and to ultimately progress, man needs to be free Geography In 1215 King John I signs the Magna Carta, agreeing to share power with nobles and respect rights of citizens. North Sea ENGLAND London William and Mary replace James II Amsterdam in the Glorious Revolution in 1688. NETHERLANDS They make the English Bill of . Paris FRANCE Enlightenment Revolution ideas spread to ends the Americas and monarchy. inspire Simon French go Bolivar and the from American monarchy to Revolution democracy to monarchy. ATLANTIC OCEAN AFRICA Rights in 1689. EUROPE After Scientific Revolution, thinkers started to study human behavior to improve society. Mediterranean Sea Philosophers Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ 10.2 Beginnings of the Modern World ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Summary: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ 10.2 Beginnings of the Modern World ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 1. The Enlightenment ________________________________________________________ A. 18th-century European movement where ________________________________________________________ thinkers used reason and science to try to ________________________________________________________ improve society ________________________________________________________ B. ideas inspire revolutions around the world ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Summary: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The Enlightenment had many different thinkers who tried to use scientific ways of looking at the world to try to understand society… …some of the most famous were… Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ 10.2 Beginnings of the Modern World ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 1. The Enlightenment ________________________________________________________ A. 18th-century European movement where ________________________________________________________ thinkers used reason and science to try to ________________________________________________________ improve society ________________________________________________________ B. ideas inspire revolutions around the world ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2. Ideas of Philosophers that Inspired Revolutions ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Summary: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Isaac Newton •Put the nail in the coffin to the Church as an intellectual force •Science separates from religion •All questions of nature are attainable through the scientific method •Understanding natures underlying laws will allow man to progress out of ignorance and superstition •Newton uncovered the Universal laws that hold the universe together through both reason, mathematics and empiricism •Man should also use these tools to understand all aspects of nature including man’s nature •Birth of the social sciences Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ I. The Enlightenment ________________________________________________________ A. 18th-century European movement where ________________________________________________________ thinkers used reason and science to try to ________________________________________________________ improve society ________________________________________________________ B. ideas inspire revolutions around the world ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ II. Ideas of Philosophers that Inspired Revolutions ________________________________________________________ A. Isaac Newton– laid foundation for Enlightenment ________________________________________________________ i. Used rationalism & empiricism– proved the ________________________________________________________ Universe had rational & natural laws that ________________________________________________________ could be measured with mathematics and ________________________________________________________ proved through observation. ________________________________________________________ ii. This must be the method to uncover all truths ________________________________________________________ iii. Church dogma (truths) could not stand up to ________________________________________________________ these standards of truth. ________________________________________________________ a. Science is the path to truth ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Summary: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ John Locke • born in England in 1632 • left England for individual freedom (religion) • returned to England after the bloodless Glorious Revolution - a new king agreed to share power with Parliament and accept a Bill of Rights •he said that governments are formed to protect the rights of the citizens (these were life, liberty, and property) • he said that the power to rule must come from the consent (agreement) of the ruled Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ I. The Enlightenment ________________________________________________________ A. 18th-century European movement where ________________________________________________________ thinkers used reason and science to try to ________________________________________________________ improve society ________________________________________________________ B. ideas inspire revolutions around the world ________________________________________________________ 2. Pre-Enlightenment Figures that influences period ________________________________________________________ A. Isaac Newton– laid foundation for Enlightenment ________________________________________________________ i. Used rationalism & empiricism– proved the ________________________________________________________ Universe had rational & natural laws that ________________________________________________________ could be measured with mathematics and ________________________________________________________ proved through observation. ________________________________________________________ ii. This must be the method to uncover all truths ________________________________________________________ iii. Church dogma could not stand up to these ________________________________________________________ standards of truth. ________________________________________________________ a. Science is the path to truth ________________________________________________________ B. John Locke – (Social Contract theorist) ________________________________________________________ i. governments made to protect natural rights ________________________________________________________ a. Life, Liberty & Property ________________________________________________________ Summary: ii. governments get their power from agreement ________________________________________________________ (consent) of the people ________________________________________________________ iii. people can overthrow unjust governments Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) • brilliant French philosopher •Popularized Enlightenment ideas •Reason, Nature, Liberty, Progress, Happiness • lived in many countries • called for tolerance (especially religious) • criticized Christianity Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ I. The Enlightenment ________________________________________________________ II. Ideas of Philosophers that Inspired Revolutions ________________________________________________________ A. Isaac Newton – Theory of gravity ________________________________________________________ i. Nature laws guide all things ________________________________________________________ ii. Need to understand laws through empiricism ________________________________________________________ and mathematics- all things can be ________________________________________________________ understood ________________________________________________________ B. John Locke – (Social Contract theorist) ________________________________________________________ i. governments made to protect natural rights ________________________________________________________ a. Life, Liberty & Property ________________________________________________________ ii. governments get their power from agreement ________________________________________________________ (consent) of the people ________________________________________________________ iii. people can overthrow unjust governments ________________________________________________________ C. Voltaire – called for freedom of speech & religion ________________________________________________________ i. Admired English for their freedom & tolerance ________________________________________________________ ii. Works included Letters on the English; ________________________________________________________ Candide; and Treaty on Tolerance ________________________________________________________ a. attacked the Church as purvayors of ________________________________________________________ supersitition and ignorance ________________________________________________________ b. ended all of his letters and essays- “Crush ________________________________________________________ the infamous thing” Baron de Montesquieu • de Montesquieu believed that people were not naturally equal (he thought women were inferior and that slavery was acceptable), but that most people were essentially good • he thought that all differences should be tolerated (especially religious ones) • political power should be divided between three branches of government with separate but equal powers • each branch would check that the other branches did not abuse their power Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ 1. The Enlightenment ________________________________________________________ A. 18th-century European movement where ________________________________________________________ thinkers used reason and science to try to ________________________________________________________ improve society ________________________________________________________ B. ideas inspire revolutions around the world ________________________________________________________ 2. Ideas of Philosophers that Inspired Revolutions ________________________________________________________ A. Isaac Newton-theory of gravity ________________________________________________________ B. John Locke – life, liberty, property ________________________________________________________ C. Voltaire – toleration ________________________________________________________ D. Montesquieu – separation of powers ________________________________________________________ i. called for three branches of government ________________________________________________________ ii. said the branches would balance each other. ________________________________________________________ iii. environment influenced political structures ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Jean-Jacques Rousseau • believed people are good, free, and compassionate • people would be happy and peaceful without a government • thought that society’s institutions (like school, arts, the media, and government) brought out the worst in people • believed in the Swiss model of small villages making decisions through direct democracy • believed in a “social contract” where people came together and ruled themselves with direct democracy Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ II. Ideas of Philosophers that Inspired Revolutions ________________________________________________________ A. Isaac Newton-theory of gravity ________________________________________________________ B. John Locke – life, liberty, property ________________________________________________________ C. Voltaire – toleration ________________________________________________________ D. Montesquieu – separation of powers ________________________________________________________ E. Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Champion of Freedom ________________________________________________________ i. Critic of modern society- has led man to be ________________________________________________________ miserable and corrupt ________________________________________________________ ii. Believed man is inherently “good” but “society” is ________________________________________________________ inherently “evil” ________________________________________________________ a. inspired the words “man was born free, but ________________________________________________________ everywhere he is in chains” ________________________________________________________ iii. Man to be happy which is the key to human ________________________________________________________ existence- he must return to his nature state ________________________________________________________ which is free and equal- like hunters & gatherer ________________________________________________________ societies- admires the qualities of the noble-savage ________________________________________________________ iv. new social contract – people give over their rights & ________________________________________________________ freedoms to themselves- obedient to the laws ________________________________________________________ made for oneselves ________________________________________________________ v. Direct Democracy & rule of the General Will ________________________________________________________ The Enlightenment & Religion • John Toland •Christianity Not Mysterious (1696) •Regarded God as a divine watchmaker •Did not intervene in human affairs • Joseph Addison- Deism The spacious firmament on high, With all the blue ethereal sky, And spangled heav’n, a shining frame, Their great Original proclaim: Th’ unwearied Sun, from day to day, Does his Creator’s power display, And publishes to every land The work of an Almighty hand • William Blake Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ III.The Enlightenment & Religion ________________________________________________________ A. Deism- Inspired by a new rationalist & empirical ________________________________________________________ approach ________________________________________________________ B. Christianity Not Mysterious- John Toland ________________________________________________________ i. regarded God as a “divine watchmaker” ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Voltaire • Treatise on Tolerance •Attacked fanatical Catholicism •Defended a French Huguenot accused of murder and convicted because of his faith •In Philosophical Dictionary – he pointed out Biblical inconsistencies •Crush the Infamous Thing •ended every essay or letter with slogan above •Believed the Church and the State were institutions of ignorance and superstition Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ III.The Enlightenment & Religion ________________________________________________________ A. Deism- Inspired by a new rationalist & empirical ________________________________________________________ approach ________________________________________________________ B. Christianity Not Mysterious- John Toland ________________________________________________________ i. regarded God as a “divine watchmaker” ________________________________________________________ C. Treatise on Toleration- Voltaire ________________________________________________________ i. inspired by the trial of Jean Calas (a Huguenot ________________________________________________________ accused of murder by Catholic political ________________________________________________________ authorities ________________________________________________________ ii. Ends all letters- “crush the infamous thing” ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Baron de Holbach & David Hume • Leading atheist thinkers of the time • Baron de Holbach •The System of Nature • "no necessity to have recourse to supernatural powers to account for the formation of things." Baron de Holbach • David Hume •Inquiry into Human Nature •“Oh Miracles”- no empirical evidence for miracles David Hume Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ III.The Enlightenment & Religion ________________________________________________________ A. Deism- Inspired by a new rationalist & empirical ________________________________________________________ approach ________________________________________________________ B. Christianity Not Mysterious- John Toland ________________________________________________________ i. regarded God as a “divine watchmaker” ________________________________________________________ C. Treatise on Toleration- Voltaire ________________________________________________________ i. inspired by the trial of Jean Calas (a Huguenot ________________________________________________________ accused of murder by Catholic political ________________________________________________________ authorities ________________________________________________________ ii. Ends all letters- “crush the infamous thing” ________________________________________________________ D. David Hume- “Inquiry into Human Behavior “& ________________________________________________________ “Of Miracles”- Rational Skepticism ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Baruch Spinoza •Ethics- Pantheism •Excommunicated Jew •Identified God with Nature •All matter is nature and all of us are a part of God Baruch Spinoza •Helped lead Enlightenment thinkers to call for the liberation of Jews Ethics Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ III.The Enlightenment & Religion ________________________________________________________ A. Deism- Inspired by a new rationalist & empirical ________________________________________________________ approach ________________________________________________________ B. Christianity Not Mysterious- John Toland ________________________________________________________ i. regarded God as a “divine watchmaker” ________________________________________________________ C. Treatise on Toleration- Voltaire ________________________________________________________ i. inspired by the trial of Jean Calas (a Huguenot ________________________________________________________ accused of murder by Catholic political ________________________________________________________ authorities ________________________________________________________ ii. Ends all letters- “crush the infamous thing” ________________________________________________________ D. David Hume- “Inquiry into Human Behavior “& ________________________________________________________ “Of Miracles”- Rational Skepticism ________________________________________________________ E. Baruch Spinoza- Ethics- pantheism ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Denis Diderot • Attempted to secularize learning • Organized a work called the Encyclopedie – Attempted to collect in a comprehensive work of all the new knowledge of the age – Every major Enlightenment philosophe contributed Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ III.The Enlightenment & Religion ________________________________________________________ IV. The Enlightenment & Society ________________________________________________________ A. Denis Diderot ________________________________________________________ i. philosophe that attempted to put all the new ________________________________________________________ knowledge into one comprehensive set of books ________________________________________________________ called The Encyclopedia ________________________________________________________ a. banned by censors in France ________________________________________________________ b. attacked Christianity as irrational ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Cesare Beccaria • believed laws were made to keep order in society • laws NOT made to avenge crimes • laws should try to make the most amount of good for the greatest number of people • stop torture • punishment should fit the crime Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ III.The Enlightenment & Religion ________________________________________________________ IV. The Enlightenment & Society ________________________________________________________ A. Denis Diderot ________________________________________________________ i. philosophe that attempted to put all the new ________________________________________________________ knowledge into one comprehensive set of books ________________________________________________________ called The Encyclopedia ________________________________________________________ a. banned by censors in France ________________________________________________________ b. attacked Christianity as irrational ________________________________________________________ B. Cesare Beccaria – due process of law ________________________________________________________ i. end cruel and unusual punishment (torture) ________________________________________________________ ii. listed steps to protect accused criminals ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Francois Quesnay • Among the early group of economic • Philosophers called the physiocrats • Agricultural philosopher- get rid of agricultural tariffs Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ III.The Enlightenment & Religion ________________________________________________________ IV. The Enlightenment & Society ________________________________________________________ A. Denis Diderot ________________________________________________________ i. philosophe that attempted to put all the new ________________________________________________________ knowledge into one comprehensive set of books ________________________________________________________ called The Encyclopedia ________________________________________________________ a. banned by censors in France ________________________________________________________ b. attacked Christianity as irrational ________________________________________________________ B. Cesare Beccaria – due process of law ________________________________________________________ i. end cruel and unusual punishment (torture) ________________________________________________________ ii. listed steps to protect accused criminals ________________________________________________________ C. Francios Quesnay- (physiocrat) ________________________________________________________ i. Among the early group of economic ________________________________________________________ philosophers called the physiocrats ________________________________________________________ ii. Agricultural philosopher- get rid of ________________________________________________________ agricultural tariffs ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Adam Smith • Father of modern capitalism • Natural economy- no artificial barriers • Laizzez-Faire- Govt. out of economy • Criticized mercantilism • The market is the “invisible hand” • The Wealth of Nations Adam Smith Questions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ III.The Enlightenment & Religion ________________________________________________________ IV. The Enlightenment & Society ________________________________________________________ A. Denis Diderot ________________________________________________________ B. Cesare Beccaria – due process of law ________________________________________________________ C. Francios Quesnay- (physiocrat) ________________________________________________________ i. Among the early group of economic ________________________________________________________ philosophers called the physiocrats ________________________________________________________ ii. Agricultural philosopher- get rid of ________________________________________________________ agricultural tariffs ________________________________________________________ D. Adam Smith ________________________________________________________ i. Father of modern capitalism ________________________________________________________ ii. Natural economy- no artificial barriers ________________________________________________________ iii. Laizzez-Faire- Govt. out of economy ________________________________________________________ iv. Criticized mercantilism ________________________________________________________ v. The market is the invisible hand ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Popularizing the Enlightenment A Parisian Salon Madame Geoffrin’s Salon The Salonnieres Madame Geoffrin (1699-1777) Mademoiselle Julie de Lespinasse (1732*-1776) Madame Suzanne Necker (1739-1794) Female Philosophes ► Emilie du Chatalet, a French noblewoman (1706-1749). ► Wrote extensively about the mathematics and physics of Gottfried Wilhelm von Lebnitz and Isaac Newton. ► Her lover, Voltaire, learned much of his science from her. Quest ions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ III.The Enlightenment & Religion ________________________________________________________ IV. The Enlightenment & Society ________________________________________________________ V. The Enlightenment & Women ________________________________________________________ A. Emile du Chatalet ________________________________________________________ i. Voltaire’s lover- taught him science & calculus ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Marie-Therese Geoffrin & Marquise de Pompadour • Marie-Therese Geoffrin • well connected woman who organized the salon • Marquise de Pompadour • mistress of Louis XV • Organized salons and helped get Encyclopedie published and protect philosophes from censors Marquise de Pompadour Marie-Therese Geoffrin Quest ions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ III.The Enlightenment & Religion ________________________________________________________ IV. The Enlightenment & Society ________________________________________________________ V. The Enlightenment & Women ________________________________________________________ A. Emile du Chatalet ________________________________________________________ i. Voltaire’s lover- taught him science & calculus ________________________________________________________ B. Marie-Therese Geoffrin ________________________________________________________ i. well connected woman who organized the salon ________________________________________________________ C. Marquise de Pompadour ________________________________________________________ i. mistress of Louis XV ________________________________________________________ ii. Organized salons and helped get Encyclopedie ________________________________________________________ published and protect philosophes from ________________________________________________________ censors ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Mary Wollstonecraft • called for equal rights for women • believed that women should be educated like men • called for women to enter jobs that men traditionally held • believed that women could be useful in society Quest ions ________________________________________________________ Notes: ________________________________________________________ III.The Enlightenment & Religion ________________________________________________________ IV. The Enlightenment & Society ________________________________________________________ V. The Enlightenment & Women ________________________________________________________ A. Emile du Chatalet ________________________________________________________ i. Voltaire’s lover- taught him science & calculus ________________________________________________________ B. Marie-Therese Geoffrin ________________________________________________________ i. well connected woman who organized the salon ________________________________________________________ C. Marquise de Pompadour ________________________________________________________ i. mistress of Louis XV ________________________________________________________ ii. Organized salons and helped get Encyclopedie ________________________________________________________ published and protect philosophes from ________________________________________________________ censors ________________________________________________________ D. Mary Wollstonecraft – Women’s Equality ________________________________________________________ i. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ________________________________________________________ ii. encourages education to make women useful ________________________________________________________ iii. Attacked Rousseau’s view of women from ________________________________________________________ his book- Emile ________________________________________________________ iv. Most philosophes felt women were naturally ________________________________________________________ inferior to men and held traditional views ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Other Female Salons ► Wealthy Jewish women created nine of the fourteen salons in Berlin. ► In Warsaw, Princess Zofia Czartoryska gathered around her the reform leaders of Poland-Lithuania. ► Middle-class women in London used their salons to raise money to publish women’s writings. Reading During the Enlightenment ► Literacy: 80%%% o/o for men; 60 o/o women. ► Books were expensive (one day’s wages). ► Many readers for each book (20 : 1) novels, plays & other literature. journals, memoirs, “private lives.” philosophy, history, theology. newspapers, political pamphlets. An Increase in Reading An Increase in Reading “Must Read” Books of the Time The Philosophes In the 1700s Paris became the intellectual center of the world. Wealthy people would have parties where thinkers, writers, artists, and musicians would meet to talk about ideas. “Enlightened Despotism” Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786) ► 1712 -– 1786. ► Succeeded his father, Frederick William I (the “Soldier King”). ► He saw himself as the “First Servant of the State.” Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796) ► German Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst. ► 1729 -– 1796. Reformer? OR Despot? 1767: Catherine summons the Commission. 1768-1774: Russo-Turkish War. 1771-1775: Pugachev Rebellion is suppressed. 1772: First partition of Poland. 1785: Charter of Nobility. 1793: Second partition of Poland. 1795: Third partition of Poland. Legislative Reformer? OR Despot? Russian Expansionism in the Late 18c Joseph II of Austria (r. 1765-1790) ► 1741 -– 1790. ► His mother was Maria Theresa. Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 1772: First partition of Poland. 1778-1779: He failed to annex Bavaria to Austrian 1781: Declared the Toleration Patent. 1781: Abolition of serfdom and feudal dues. 1785: He failed to exchange the Austria Netherlands for Bavaria. 1787-1792: Austria joined Russia in the RussoTurkish War, but little was gained. 1795: Third partition of Poland. lands. Joseph II of Austria The Legacy of the Enlightenment? 1. The democratic revolutions begun in America in 1776 and continued in Amsterdam, Brussels, and especially in Paris in the late 1780s, put every Western government on the defensive. 2. Reform, democracy, and republicanism had been placed irrevocably on the Western agenda. The Legacy of the Enlightenment? 3. New forms of civil society arose –-- clubs, salons, fraternals, private academies, lending libraries, and professional/scientific organizations. 4. 19c conservatives blamed it for the modern “egalitarian disease” (once reformers began to criticize established institutions, they didn’t know where and when to stop!)
