• Introduction
• History behind insider trading
• Regulatory Aspect of Insider Trading
• Cases

Insider trading essentially denotes dealing in a company ‘s securities on the basis of confidential information relating to the company which is not published or not known to the public used to make profit or loss. It is fairly a breach of fiduciary duties of officers of a company or
“ connected” persons as defined under the SEBI regulations,1992, towards the shareholders.

• Insider terms actually includes both legal and illegal conduct.
• The legal version is when corporate insider officer, directors , and employees buy and sell stock in their own companies. when corporate insiders trade in their own securities , they must report their trades to SEBI.
• Illegal insider trading refers generally to buying or selling a security , in breach of fiduciary duty or other relationship of trust and confidence, while in possession of material , non public information about the security.

• Corporate officers, directors , and employees who traded the corporations securities after learning of significant , confidential corporate developments.
• Friends , business associates, family members , and other types of such officers , directors , and employees, who traded the securities after receiving such information.

• Employees of law, banking , brokerage and printing firms who were given such information to provide services to the corporation whose securities they traded.
• Govt employees who learned of such information because of their employment by the govt .
• Other persons who misappropriated ,and took advantage of, confidential information from their employers.

• The prevention of insider trading is widely treated as an important function of securities regulation.
• In order to make sense of insider trading , we must have basic understanding of markets, prices and role of markets in the economy.
• Insider trading appears unfair, especially to speculators outside a company who face difficult competition in the form of insider trading.

• Insider trading in India was unhindered in its 130 year old stock market till about 1970.
• In 1979 , the Sachar committee recommended amendments to the companies Act,1956 to restrict prohibit the dealings of employees . Penalties were also suggested to prevent the insider trading.
• In 1986 the Patel committee recommended that the securities contracts Act ,1956 may be amended to make exchange curb insider trading and unfair stock deals.

• In 1989 the Abid Hussain committee recommended that the insider trading activities may be penalized by civil and criminal proceedings and also suggested the SEBI formulate the regulations and governing codes to prevent unfair dealings.
• India through SEBI regulations 1992 has prohibited this fraudulent practice .
• These regulations were drastically amended in 2002 and renamed as SEBI regulations 1992.

• Only 14 cases taken up by SEBI for insider trading in 2003-04 , which went down to only 7 in 2004-05.
• In terms of cases completed, the no was only 9 and 5 respectively.
• So does India has fewer incidence of insider trading or our systems/laws not geared enough to detect such cases?

• SEBI prohibition of Insider Trading regulation
1995.
• Section 11(2) E of companies act 1956 prohibits the Insider Trading
• What is Insider Trading is not defined in the companies act -1956

As per SEBI the Prohibition of Insider Trading is required to make Securities Market:
• Fair & Transparent
• To have a level playing field for all the participants in the market
• For free flow of information & avoid information asymmetry

Who is Insider is defined under the SEBI
Prohibition of Insider Trading regulation 2 (e)
Insider is the person who is “connected” with the company , who could have the
Unpublished price sensitive information or receive the information from somebody in the company .
For the purpose this definition, words “connected person” shall any person who is a connected person six months prior to an act of insider trading

• It could be director of the company ,or is deemed to be a director of the by virtue of sub-clause(10) of section 307 of the companies act 1956
• He /She could be officer or professional of the company or holding a business relationship with the company.
• Any person having UPPI from the any subsidiary or group company is also stated to be the connected person.
• Connected person can also be from intermediary’s like stock exchange , Merchant Bank , Transfer agent, debenture trustee, Bankers & relatives of promoter or of
BOD.

Relatives are defined very extensively in the companies act 1956
1. Father
2. Mother
3. Son
4. Son’s wife
5. Daughter
6. Father’s father
7. Father’s mother
8. Mother’s mother
9. Mother’s father
10.Son’s son
11.Son’s son’s wife
12.Son’s daughter
11.Son’s son’s wife
12.Son’s daughter
13.Son’s daughter’s husband
14.Daughter’s husband
15.Daughter’s son
16.Daughter’s son’s wife
17.Daughter’s daughter
18.Daughter’s daughter’s husband
19.Brother
20.Brother’s wife
21.Sister
22.Sister’s husband
But several close relatives are excluded Like all in-laws (Brother-inlaw, Father-in-law etc.)Brothers’ wife’s brother etc.

The Price sensitive information is defined in
Regulation 2(h)(a) of the prohibition of Insider
Trading.
“It means any information which relates directly or indirectly with the company
& which if published is likely to materially affect the prices of the security’s of the company”.

• Periodical financial results
• Intended declaration of the dividends(both Interim & Final)
• Issue of securities or buy –back of securities
• Any major expansion plans or execution of new projects.
• Amalgamation & mergers or takeovers.
• Disposal of the whole or substantial part of the undertaking
• Any significant changes in policies , plans or operations of the company.

• No Insider should deal insecurity , while in possession of UPPI.
• He / She should not communicate or procure the
UPPSI to others.

• This regulation states that there should be
“Chinese Wall” With in the company & one department should not know about what other departments are doing.

1
2
• Initial Disclosure
Like buying the stake greater than the 5% of the paid up capital of the company
,the acquiring company should inform the Stock Exchange with in 2 days of acquiring the stake.
The new director should disclose all its trade position in Equity or derivatives with in 2 days of its appointment.
• Continuous Disclosure
1
2
If the director changes its holding by 2% .
Investment of Rs 5 Lacs or 25000 shares or buying the 1% stake of the paid up capital which ever is the least should be disclosed.
3 All holdings in securities of that company
4 Periodic statements of all transactions
5 Annual statement of all holdings
6 Any other disclosure of the company to stock exchanges.

• A compliance officer is required to be appointed by the company.
• There should be pre-clearance of trade by the officer of designated employees. Designated employees includes : i.
Employees from top 3 layers of Mgmt.
ii.
All Employees in finance department irrespective of any designation & grade.
iii.
Employee designated by BOD from time to time to whom the trading restriction shall be a applicable.
• Trading window ,is closed 7 days prior & 24 hours post event for the
“connected persons” during the UPPSI activities like
RESULTS,IPO,CAPEX,BUY BACK , etc.
• There are several forms in accordance with disclosures & code of conduct.
Insider_Trading_Code_of_Conduct.pdf

• Regulation 4(a) deals with the request for the enquiries.
• SEBI can also appoint the outsider auditor for the enquiry & auditor would have the same power as the
SEBI possess.
• Before undertaking any investigation under regulation
(5) SEBI shall give a reasonable notice to insider for that purpose.
• Where SEBI is satisfied that in the interest of investors or in public interest no such notice should be given, it may by an order in writing direct that the investigation be taken up without such notice.

Regulation 4A
• If the SEBI suspects that any person has violated any provision of these regulations, it may make inquiries with such persons.
• The SEBI may appoint officers to inspect the books and records of insider(s) for the purpose of inspection.
• The SEBI can investigate and inspect the books of account, either records and documents of an insider on prima facie.
• SEBI can investigate into the complaints received from investors, intermediaries or any other person on any matter having a bearing on the allegations of insider trading.

o HLL-BBLIL MERGER o RAKESH AGARWAL vs. SEBI o SAMIR ARORA vs. SEBI

• Focus on legal controversy involving BBLIL’s merger with HLL.
• SEBI, suspecting insider trading, conducted enquiries.
• In August 1997, SEBI charged HLL of insider trading by using Unpublished Price-Sensitive
Information.

• HLL bought 8 lakh shares of BBLIL from UTI at Rs 350.35 per share (At a premium of 9.5% of the ruling market price of Rs 320) just two weeks before the formal announcement knowing that the
HLL and BBLIL were going to merge.
• SEBI held that HLL was using unpublished, price-sensitive information to trade, and was therefore guilty of insider trading.
• In March 1998, SEBI passes an executive order, which sent shock waves through the country’s corporate sector.
• SEBI directed HLL to pay UTI Rs 3.4 Crore in compensation, and also initiated criminal proceedings against the five directors of HLL and BBLIL.

• HLL appealed against the SEBI verdict to the Union Ministry of Finance.
• HLL contended that before the transaction, the merger was the subject of wide speculation by the market and the media.
• After the formal announcement, press articles mentioned that the merger was no surprise to anyone.
• HLL pointed out that the share price of BBLIL moved up from
Rs 242 to Rs 320 between January and March, before the transaction, indicating that the merger was “generally known information”.

• HLL contended that to be considered as an insider, it should have received information “by virtue of such connection” to the other company.
• According to HLL, it was an initiator and the transferee, and it was the “primary party” to the merger and no primary party to the merger can be considered an insider from the point of view of insider-trading.
• HLL argued that only the information about the swap ratio could be deemed to be price-sensitive and that this ratio was not known to
HLL or its directors before the purchase of shares from UTI.
• HLL also argued that the news of merger was not price sensitive as it had already been announced by the media before the official announcement.

• HLL claimed that the purpose of the purchase of shares was to enable Uniliver to acquire 51% shares of BBLIL.
• In July 1998, the Appellate Authority of the
Finance Ministry dismissed the SEBI order.
• However, SEBI was correctly order was correctly based on a simple proposition of law : what can not be done directly can not be done indirectly.

• One of the most famous case highlighting the vulnerability of the SEBI’s 1992 regulations.
• Rakesh Agarwal, MD of ABS Industries Ltd was involed in negotiations with Bayer A.G, regarding their intention to takeover ABS.
• As per SEBI, Rakesh Agarwal had access to the Unpublished price-sensitive information.
• SEBI alleged that prior to the announcement of acquisition,
Rakesh Agarwal, through his brother-in-law, had purchased shares of ABS and tendered the said shares in the open offer made by Bayer.

• Rakesh Agarwal contended that he did this in the interests of the company.
• Pursuant to Bayer’s condition to acquire at least 51% shares of
ABS, he, through his brother-in law bought the shares and later sold them to Bayer.
• The SEBI directed Rakesh agarwal to “deposit Rs 34,00,000 with Investor Education & Protection Funds of Stock
Exchange, Mumbai and NSE.
• SAT held that the SEBI order directing Agarwal to pay Rs 34 lakh couldn’t be sustained, on the grounds that Rakesh
Agarwal did that in the interests of the company.

• Sameer Arora was star fund manager of Alliance Capital Mutual
Fund (ACM) and the poster boy of the Indian Mutual Fund
Industry.
• He was managing Rs 2264 crores with ACAM invested in Indian equity and fixed income markets as of 31 st August 2003.
• Within a few years of its launch, ACMF became a darling among the investors.
• The fund which was launched in 1995, had been generating a return of 2.463 % since inception under the growth option.
• The CIO, Asian operations, Samir Arora was applauded by everyone for a good show.

• In April 2003, there were talks about the consolidation of Digital
Global Soft LTD(DGL) with the Hewlett Packard Indian Software
Operations(HPISO), a 100% subsidiary of HP.
• On May 5, 2003 Arora, in an interview with Business Standard, proposed that merger was going to immensely help DGL due to the additional projects it is going to get from HP.
• On May 8, 2003 an internal analyst of Alliance recommended reducing position in the stock.
• ACMF sold 1.19 lakh shares and ACM sold 2.18 lakh shares.
• On May 12, 2003 ACMF sold 3.35 lakh shares while ACM sold 2.5
lakh shares.

• Arora said, “ Even risk from tomorrow’s results is too high. Bipolar situation, but we do not like to take such risks post-very volatility in technology stocks around results/corporate issues.”
• May 13, 2003 DGL announced Q4 results in line with the expectations of the market. ACM sold 2.11
lakh shares.
• June 7, 2003 DGL announced demerger ratio which was perceived as unfavorable by the market. Stock fell 26%.

• In August 2003, SEBI charged Samir Arora of insider trading under Section 11B and 11(4)(B) of the SEBI Act.
• SEBI indicted Arora on many serious charges i.e -
A. Trading DGL shares on the basis of Unpublished price sensitive information.
B. Non-disclosure after crossing 5% limit in several companies
C. Causing panic in the market by making public his decision to quit Alliance Capital, leading to the redemption of Rs 1300 Crore.

• In April 2004, SEBI debarred Arora from dealing in securities directly or indirectly for five years.
• SEBI charged the penalty of Rs 15 Crore on ACM and two associated Alliance entities.
• October 2004, the Securities Appellate Tribunal set aside the order of SEBI on grounds of insufficient evidence to prove the charges of insider trading and professional misconduct against Mr. Arora.

• Inability of SEBI in proving its cases.
• Wide definition of Insider Trader as defined in the
1992 Act.
• Proving Insider Trading – a bizarrely difficult task.
• Lack of assistance from Central Economic
Intelligence Bureau (CEIB) to investigate the cases.
• Absence of an adequate remedy available to the investors at large.