




1. markets – farming and
industry.
2. yellow press – Hearst,
Pulitzer
3. manifest Destiny –
Strong: Our Country: Its
Possible Future and
present Crisis
4. Social Darwinism –
Roosevelt, Lodge
5. navy power – Mahan:
sea power is world
dominance
Near war with
Germany (Samoa),
Italy (lynchings), Chile
(sailor deaths), Canada
(seal hunting), and
Britain (gold).
 Hawaii – immigrant
and tariff tensions,
annexation opposed by
Queen Liliuokalani



Cuban rebels struggled
under tariff, wanted
independence; Gen.
Weyler gave them
reconcentration camps.
Yellow journalists
Pulitzer, Hearst
sensationalized the
sinking of the Maine:
“You furnish the pictures
and I’ll furnish the war.”





Give 5 reasons for American imperialism.
Name 5 countries we almost went to war
with.
What happened in Hawaii?
Why trouble with Spain?
What did General Weyler do to suppress the
insurrectos?
McKinley pressured
into war by Roosevelt,
Lodge; Teller
Amendment said we
would give Cuba
independence
 Commodore George
Dewey destroyed 10
ships in Manila Bay,
Phillipines

Aguinaldo helped
defeat the Spanish in
the Phillipines; Hawaii
annexed as
provisioning station
 Overweight Shafter;
TR and Rough Riders
charged up San Juan
(Kettle) Hill

Spanish fleet
destroyed, Puerto Rico
and Hawaii taken
 400 battle deaths,
5000 to disease in
“splendid little war.”
 Praying over dilemma,
McKinley paid $20m,
annexed Phillipines,
angering antiImperialism League










1.Pressured McKinley
into war
2. Defeated Spanish
navy in Phillipines
3. Filipino rebel leader
4. Annexed as provision
station
5. Rode on a door
6. Leader of Rough
Riders
7. Battle deaths
8. Disease
9. annexation









1. Answer to Filipino
dilemma
2. TR
3. TR/Lodge
4. Shafter
5. 5000
6. 400
7. Hawaii
8. Dewey
9. Aguinaldo


Free Cuba; U.S. world
status went up, acquired
Guam, Phillipines,
Puerto Rico, and unified
north and South
Platt Amendment – U.S.
retained right to
intervene, Guantanamo
naval base, and oversee
Cuban treaties and debt.

Former Confederate Wheeler: “To hell
with the Yankees – I mean Spaniards
!”
Emilio Aguinaldo led
rebellion ag. 126,000
U.S. troops;
reconcentration camps
and water cure.
 350 lb. William Taft civil
governor of Phillipines,
improved roads,
health, sanitation,
schools but resented.



Fearing an imperial
takeover of China, Sec.
of State John Hay issues
Open Door Policy.
All nations would be
allowed to trade in
China; resented by
Chinese (Boxer
Rebellion) , commercial
and territorial integrity
respected






What were the results of the SpanishAmerican War?
What was the Platt Amendment?
What and who was the problem in the
Phillipines?
What nasty things did we do there?
Who became civil governor? What did he
improve?
Open Door – who what when where why?

1900 McKinley beat
Bryan, this time on
prosperity and
expansion; war hero TR
became VP, less
trouble than in NY

McKinley killed by Leon
Czolgosz, TR President –
ex cowboy and Harvard
grad, “Speak softly and
carry big stick.”
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
– Britain gave us
permission to dig canal
thru isthmus
 Phillip Bunau-Varilla
aided Panamanian
revolution against
Colombia
 Canal construction
1904-1910; Gorgas
disease eradication




Concerned with Germany
and Britain, TR announced
that US would intervene to
collect Latin American
debts – justified Big Stick
intervention
TR won Nobel Price for
Portsmouth Treaty
between Russia and Japan
“Gentlemen’s agreement”
on Japanese immigration;
Great White Fleet sent
around world










Who won the election of 1800?
Whom did he beat?
Who was the VP?
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty?
Bunau-Varilla?
How did we get the canal zone?
What was the Roosevelt corollary?
What prize did TR win, and why?
Gentlemen’s agreement?
Great White Fleet?



Progressives were
reformers who wanted
government to fight
monopoly, corruption,
and injustice.
Veblen – Theory of the
Leisure Class; Riis – How
the Other Half Lives
Middle class, Socialists,
social gospel Christians,
feminists



TR labeled progressive
writers “muckrakers” for
their focus on the
negative.
McClure’s, Cosmopolitan
magazines.
Lincoln Stephens –
“Shame of the Cities”
about city corruption;
Ida Tarbell – “History of
Standard Oil”



Direct primaries – not
bosses; initiative,
referendum, and recall
Campaign finance
reform, Australian ballot,
direct election of
Senators, city managers
Leaders: Robert
LaFollette (WI), Hiram
Johnson (CA), Charles
Evans Hughes (NY)








ID author:
Theory of the Leisure Class
How the Other Half Lives
Shame of the Cities
History of Standard Oil
Name 2 progressive magazines.
Name 7 progressive reforms
Name 3 progressive state leaders
Settlement houses
exposed problems to
women, who devised
solutions
 Focus on moral,
maternal issues like
child labor,
sweatshops, tenement
life



Muller v. Oregon –
factory work bad for
women; Lochner v. New
York (1905)– 10 hr day
not nec; but upheld in
1917
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory fire killed 146
mostly immigrant
women; stronger
workplace safety laws
resulted
Associated with party
boss, corrupt elections,
fought by WCTU and
Anti-Saloon League
 Wets – urban areas,
favored legal alcohol;
drys – rural areas, half
the country by 1914.







How did settlement houses affect women?
Muller v. Oregon?
Lochner v. NY?
What was the importance of the Triangle
Shirtwaist fire?
What social ills was the saloon associated
with?
Where were wets and drys located?
Square Deal – treat
everyone fairly; 3 C’s –
Corporations,
consumers,
conservation.
 Negotiated
compromise between
coal miners and mine
owners; 1st to stand up
to corporate leaders

Elkins Act: fines for
rebates
 Hepburn Act – ICC
could set maximum
freight rates
 Trust buster –
Northern Securities
Company, run by JP
Morgan, broken up;
but often tolerated
“good” trusts



Consumers: TR read
Upton Sinclair’s The
Jungle: Meat Inspection
Act, Pure Food and Drug
Act 1906.
Conservation: Set aside
125m acres from
development; expanded
national forests; friends
with conservationist
Pinchot and Muir; Boy
Scouts founded










What was TR’s domestic program called?
What were the 3 C’s?
What strike did TR negotiate an end to?
Elkins Act?
Hepburn Act?
What trust did he bust?
What two laws resulted from The Jungle?
What conservationist measures did TR take?
What friends?
What organization/
TR strengthened
Presidency, huge
personality, won 1904
didn’t run 1908, picked
Taft
 Taft beat Bryan; both
claimed Progressivism;
Socialist Eugene Debs
got over 400,000 votes

Conservative, mildmannered
 Dollar diplomacy –
invest to advance U.S.
interests; intervention
in Cuba, Honduras,
Dominican, Nicaragua

Taft 90-44 antitrust
suits; Standard Oil
broken up; U.S. steel
antitrust suit.
 A conservationist, Taft
fired TR friend Pinchot,
for criticizing Interior
Sec. Ballinger
 TR preached “New
Nationalism” and
started 3rd party.








What was TR’s legacy?
How did Taft get to be President?
What was Taft’s foreign policy?
Where did he send troops?
How did Taft fare as a trust buster?
What conservation policy angered TR?
How did TR undermine Taft?
Woodrow Wilson –
Southern-born
Democrat, Govt
professor, Princeton
President
 Supported by Bryan,
his New Freedom
Program advocated
small business.

Taft was Republican;
TR nominated by
Progressive/Bull
Moose Party; shot and
made speech
 Taft and TR split the
Republican vote;
Wilson elected with
41% of vote; Socialist
Debs got 6%

Pro-South; idealistic,
Presbyterian,
intellectual.
 Loved humanity
generally more than
individual; inflexibly
stubborn





What kind of man was Wilson?
What 3 other parties?
Why did Wilson win, with how much of vote?
What were his strengths and weaknesses as
President
Attacked “the triple
wall of privilege:”
tariffs, banks, and
trusts
 Low Underwood Tariff;
16th amendment income tax, chief
revenue source

12 reserve districts,
each with a central
“bankers” bank.
 Issued “Federal
Reserve notes;”
amount could be easily
increased

Federal Trade
Commission (FTC)
attacked unfair trade
practices.
 Clayton Antitrust Act –
attacked trusts not
unions; labor exempt
from antitrust
legislation; AFL leader
Gompers called it “the
Magna Carta of Labor.”

Low interest rates for
farmers, higher wages,
workman’s comp. child
labor, 8 hr day on
trains
 Nominated Jewish
Louis Brandeis for
Supreme Court, more
segregationist on black
appointments










Triple wall of privilege
Underwood Tariff
16th amendment
Federal Reserve
Powers of Fed
FTC
Clayton Antitrust Act
Other stuff Wilson did
Wilson’s nominations








Jews not blacks
New source of revenue
Lowered rates
Control money supply,
regulate economy
Fight trusts, monopolies,
and insider trading
12 banks, print paper
money
Int rates, wages, child
labor, workman’s comp
Tariff, banks, trust
Missionary diplomacy:
Less aggressive
posture – lowered
Panama Canal toll on
Britain.
 Jones Act – Phillipines
a territory,
independent when
ready (1946)

Marines to Haiti 191415 to protect U.S.
citizens; supervised
government/finance.
 Marines to Dominican
(debt); bought Virgin
Islands (close to
Panama)

Wilson sent arms to
Pres. Huerta’s rivals,
Carranza and Pancho
Villa
 U.S. seized Vera Cruz;
resented by Pres.
Carranza; Villa killed 35
Americans on both
sides of border, chased
by Pershing






Not big stick not dollar but what kind of
diplomacy?
What did the Jones Act do?
Into what two countries did Wilson send
marines? Why?
Why was Wilson mad at Huerta? What’d he
do about it?
Why was Wilson mad at Villa? What’d he do
about it?





Causes: nationalism,
militarism, imperialism,
alliances – Triple Entente
(FBR) v. Triple Alliance
(GAHI)
Events:1. Serbs kill
Ferdinand.
2. A-H threatens.
3. Russia, France
mobilized around
Germany
4. Germany attacks
France through Belgium:
trench warfare
Britain attacks: Allies
(FBR) v. Central Powers
(GAH)
 Wilson urges neutrality
of thought and deed.
 Divided America:
British ties & German
spies v. 11m
immigrants




British trade only;
German subs
Lusitania sunk; 128
Americans on board;
Wilson mad and Bryan
resigned; Sussex Pledge
Wilson reelected 1916
277-254 for staying out
of war, defeating Judge
Charles Evans Hughes;
TR bellicose








Name 4 causes of WWI.
What were the two alliances/countries?
Start the war in 4 events.
2 sides in the war
US position?
Why were we divided?
What brought us close to war?
How was Wilson reelected in 1916?
Unrestrained sub
warfare: Germany
sank four U.S. ships in
March, 1917.
 Zimmerman telegram:
Germany proposed a
Mexican alliance with
land back at end of the
war.

To overcome
isolationism, “War to
end all wars…to make
the world safe for
democracy.”
 14 Points speech: no
secret treaties,
freedom of the seas,
free trade (no tariffs),
arms reduction, selfdetermination

George Creel’s
Committee on Public
information used
propaganda to get war
support: posters,
songs, speeches,
movies.
 Germans persecuted,
antiwar leaders Debs
and Haywood jailed.






List 3 causes of American entry into WWI.
What did Wilson call the war? Why?
Identify and list some of the 14 points.
Who was George Creel and what did he do?
Who was persecuted and prosecuted?


“Work or fight” slogan;
Gompers and AFL
supported war, Haywood
and IWW didn’t; Steel
strike biggest in history,
failed
Great Migration –
African-Americans
moved north, used as
scabs; race riots in E. St.
Louis and Chicago
Some feminist
pacifists, but most
women supported war
effort; Wilson
supported 19th
amendment.
 Fought ag. Workplace
discrimination and
child labor.

Food Sec. Hoover fed the
starving in Belgium,
pushed voluntary food
rationing: wheatless
Tuesdays, meatless
Wednesdays, victory
gardens.
 Fuel rationing: heatless
Mondays, lightless nights,
gasless Sundays (18th
amendment)
 War financed with Liberty
bonds (pressured) and
taxation.









1. Work or fight
2. Gompers/AFL
3. Haywood/IWW
4. Great Migration
5. Women’s war support
6. Voluntary rationing
7. War bonds, taxes
8. Spirit of self-denial








1. Financing war
2. Supplying war
3. 19th amendment
4. 18th amendment
5. Unions supporting war
6. Unions striking during
war
7. Gasless Sundays,
meatless Wednesdays..
8. effort to discourage
strikes
Conscription: 18-45 –
exemptions for
shipbuilding; 4,000
conscientious
objectors.
 4 million “doughboys,”
11,000 women, black
soldiers segregated,
noncombat

Germans within 40
miles of Paris;
Americans helped push
them back.
 Gen. Pershing led
Meuse-Argonne
offensive; biggest
battle in U.S. history 1.2m troops, 120,000
casualties; Alvin York
the hero

Armistice signed
11/11/18 at 11:00.
 U.S. contributed
supplies and
prospective battle
wins.
 Wilson went to Paris
with no Republicans,
angering For Rel.
Chairman Lodge










Describe the draft.
How many soldiers, women, African-Americans?
What was happening when we got there?
What American general?
What American hero?
What was the biggest battle ever?
What was the U.S. contribution to the war
effort?
When is Armistice/Veterans Day?
How did Wilson mess up?
Big 4 at Paris: Wilson
(US), Lloyd George
(Br), Orlando (Italy),
Clemenceau (France)
 Other allies wanted
land: Britain got Iraq;
France got Syria
 Wilson saw League of
Nations as cure-all

Germany signed Treaty
with reparations, lost
land and military.
 Lodge delayed;Wilson
speaking tour, had
stroke
 Feud killed the treaty

Warren Harding,
picked by GOP Senate
bosses, defeated
James Cox (D-OH) in
1920.
 Americans were tired
of idealism, dogoodism, ready for
Harding’s “return to
normalcy.”







Who were the Big 4?
Who got what land?
What was the key to peace, for Wilson?
How was the Treaty of Versailles tough on
Germany?
How did Lodge and Wilson kill the treaty?
Who was elected in 1920, and why?


Red Scare: fear of
Communism; led by
Attorney General A.
Mitchell Palmer, whose
home was fire-bombed.
Sacco and Vanzetti – two
Italian immigrants
executed for murder,
were atheists,
anarchists, and draft
dodgers


KKK made a comeback
as antiforeign,
antiCatholic, antiradical,
antiJewish (Leo Frank
case); marched in DC,
burned crosses
Emergency Quota Act
3% of pop. 1910;
National Origins Act 2%
of pop. 1890; no
Japanese immigrants at
all
18th amendment;
Volstead Act passed by
Congress
 Speakeasies and
moonshine flourished;
bank savings
increased, less
absenteeism, probably
less drinking

1. Red Scare
2. A. Mitchell Palmer
3. Sacco and Vanzetti
4. KKK
5. Emergency Quota
Act
 6. National Origins Act
 7. Japanese
immigration
 8. speakeasy













1. Prohibition era bar
2. Antiforeign, antiJew
3. 3% immigration 1910
4. 2% immigration
1920
5. None after 1920
6. Fear of Communists
7. Anticommunist
attorney general
8. Executed radicals
Gangsters /mafia made
$12m to $18m on
illegal alcohol: more
than govt.
 Al Capone ruled
Chicago, murdered
rivals, jailed for income
tax evasion, died of
syphillis.




Modernists v.
Fundamentalists:
Scopes-Monkey Trial
1925; Scopes taught
evolution; Darrow put
Bryan on the Stand;
Bryan died in 5 days
Cars represented
freedom, “prostitute
house on wheels.”
Advertisers created
discontent, buying on
credit, less discipline



Henry Ford sold 20m
Model Ts; “any color as
long as it’s black”
Mass production
Taylorism, Fordism ; a
Ford produced every 10
seconds: oil in TX OK
CA, roads, suburbs, gas
stations, farms all
helped; rr hurt
Babe Ruth 1st sports
hero: “better year than
the President.”








Gangsters
Al Capone
Mafia money
John Dewey
Fundamentalists
Scopes Monkey
Bryan Darrow
Ford every 10 seconds
Advertising
Buying on credit
Babe Ruth
Taylorism
Ford – 20 million
Industries
Car as self-respect and
freedom
 Deaths
 House of prostitution
on wheels







Wright brothers flew
first, 1903
 Lindbergh’s Spirit of St.
Louis; 1st transatlantic
flight; rr hurt again
 Marconi invented
radio; KDKA of
Pittsburgh 1st station;
had domesticating
effect

“Great Train Robbery”
1st silent film; “Birth of
a Nation,” “Jazz
Singer” 1st talkie
 Charlie Chaplin silent
movie star; Al Jolsen
was Jewish star
imitating AfricanAmericans.




Women: Margaret
Sanger pushed birth
control; flappers danced
in jazz clubs
Jazz from New Orleans Louis Armstrong, Cotton
Club
Harlem Renaissance –
black cultural
achievement – Langston
Hughes “I Too Sing
America.”







When did the Wright brothers fly?
What did Lindbergh do?
What was the first silent film? First talkie?
How did Al Jolsen make a living?
Who was the greatest jazz star? Its most
famous club?
What was the African-American cultural
achievement called?
Name Langston Hughes’ most famous poem.
Sigmund Freud
invented talk therapy,
focused on repressed
desire
 Jamaican-born Marcus
Garvey led back to
Africa movement,
focused on selfreliance, deported for
mail fraud





Fitzgerald – “all gods
dead, all wars fought, all
faith in man shaken.”
Wrote Great Gatsby
about self-made Jay
Gatsby
Hemingway – The Sun
Also Rises, Farewell to
Arms
TS Eliot – “Waste Land”



William Faulkner – As I
Lay Dying; Absalom!
Absalom! about
Yoknapatawpha, Miss.
Treasury Secretary
Mellon lowered taxes on
wealthy $600,000 to
$200,000 for millionaire,
lowered debt
Speculation, margin
buying to gain wealth
1. Freud
2. Marcus Garvey
 3. Fitzgerald
 4. Hemingway
 5. TS Eliot
 6. Faulkner
 7. Andrew Mellon
 8. Speculation
 9. Margin buying









1. Short term investing
2. Indebted short term
investing
3. As I Lay Dying
4. Great Gatsby
5. The Sun Also Rises
6. “The Waste Land”
7. Talk therapy
8. Back to Africa
9. strange folks in
Mississippi