Oklahoma History Chapter 12 Oklahoma in 1900’s
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The Geography of Oklahoma
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Oklahoma Road Map (1.5M pdf)
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Map of Oklahoma's 77 Counties
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State Fair of Oklahoma
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The Dust Bowl
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Dust Bowl Lore
Tulsa State Fair
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Oklahoma Oil
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Chickasaw Oil Company
Choctaw Oil Company
Osage Oil
Marland Oil Company
Sinclair Oil
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The arrival of the Five Civilized Tribes brings written accounts of oil seeps in
Oklahoma. The Plains Indians, already had been using the oil springs for
centuries to treat rheumatism and other chronic illness.
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1859 - Oklahoma's first oil well
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April 15,1897 commercial oil well, Nellie
in Bartlesville.
June 25, 1901 - Drillers
Headlines proclaim
at Red Fork" and "Oil Well
High," setting off a
Oklahoma.
Nov. 22, 1905 - Oil
Glenn's farm, 10 miles
ushering in the state's first
launching Oklahoma's
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1912-1928 - Discoveries
of major oil fields in Cushing, Healdton, Seminole
and Oklahoma City.
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1917 - Phillips Petroleum Company is incorporated
with 27 employees.
Oklahoma's first
Johnston No. 1 blows
strike oil at Red Fork.
"Geyser of Oil Spouts
Gusher Fifteen Feet
stampede to
discovered on Ida E.
south of Tulsa,
major oil field and
petroleum industry.
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August 1931 - Gov. William "Alfalfa Bill" Murray attempts to raise the price of
crude by declaring martial law and calling out the National Guard to state oil
fields to enforce a cutback in production.
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1940s - The demands of World War 11 bring recovery as Oklahoma oil
producers contribute to the war effort. Drilling declines in the 1950s when
federal price controls are placed on natural gas.
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1973 - Arab oil embargo and associated energy crisis bring a new oil boom.
Drilling rigs reach an all-time peak in early 1982.
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1982 - Oil prices decline, bringing a bust that forces many producers out of
business. Rural towns are hit particularly hard by the downturn, and
throughout the decade many small town Main Streets struggle for survival.
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1999 - The state Legislature convenes a special session to grant oil producers
tax relief after prices dropped to as low as $8 per barrel.
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Redistricting and statewide elections
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Significant Oklahomans:
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Jim Thorpe
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College Football Hall of Fame 1951
Charter Enshrinee in the Pro
Football Hall of Fame - 1963
All-America - 1911, 1912
Olympic Decathlon and Pentathlon
Champion - 1912
AP Most Outstanding Athlete of
the First Half of the 20th Century 1950
"America's Greatest Football
Player of the half-century" - 1950
ABC's Wide World of Sports
Athlete of the Century - 2001
Track and Field Hall of Fame
In 1950, the nation's press selected
Jim Thorpe as the most
outstanding athlete of the first half
of the 20th Century
From 1996-2001, he was
continuously awarded ABC's Wide
World of Sports Athlete of the
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Century award
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Will Rogers
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The Five Indian Ballerinas - Oklahoma's five internationally acclaimed
Native American ballerinas:
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Yvonne Chouteau
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Rosella Hightower
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Moscelyne Larkin
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Maria Tallchief
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Marjorie Tallchief
The Kiowa Five - Twentieth century Kiowa
artists include the Kiowa Five, a group of artists
whom studied at the University of Oklahoma.
The "Five" referred to are the male members of
the group.
Tulsa Historical Society unveils the
Five Moons
The pictographic art form
known as "ledger art" was an
Indian art form which had
historically been dominated by
the male members of the plains
culture.
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Lois (Bougetah) Smoky (1907-1981)
Lois Smoky was an original member of the Kiowa Five
artists. She was also the only female and the youngest
member of the group. During the time of her arrival at the
University of Oklahoma it was customary among the tribes
of the Plains that women not draw or paint in a
representational style. Because of this feeling, Smoky
fought some resentment on the part of the Kiowa group at
the University. Upon her return to the reservation after only
a few short years of painting, she did not pursue a career in
the art world.
She was later replaced in the Kiowa Five by James Auchiah. Once home,
Smoky married and completely devoted herself to her husband and
family. Lois Smoky is too often overlooked when the Kiowa Five artists
are mentioned; she had an abundance of talent that was never allowed
to blossom. On an ironic note, Lois Smoky's art, due to its rarity, is now
the most sought after of all the Kiowa Five artists.
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James Auchiah (1906-1974)
James Auchiah was born with an innate artistic ability. In recognition of
his talent and artistic achievements, his birthplace, Medicine Park, has
become a communal center for Native American art. Born into a
prominent Kiowa family, Auchiah excelled in art from an early age. In
elementary school the young artist was once caught drawing and
painting, which was not allowed in the Indian schools at that time. As
punishment, he was required to finish his painting after school and thus
forfeit his dinner. Auchiah exclaimed that he was glad to do so: "I would
rather paint than eat," he said. As Auchiah grew older, his interest in art
continued to increase.
So when the opportunity to become the sixth of the Kiowa Five arose, he
happily joined the group in the fall of 1927. Throughout his life, Auchiah
served in the U.S. Coast Guard during World War II, became a teacher,
an illustrator, a museum curator and continued to paint, though not as a
career artist. His later artwork was devoted primarily to the Native
American Church.
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Spencer Asah (1905-1954)
Spencer Asah was born near Carnegie, Oklahoma and was the son of a
Buffalo Medicine Man. Consequently the atmosphere that he grew up in
was full of tribal legends and rituals, the influence of which is evident in
his paintings. Asah came to the University of Oklahoma to refine his
painting skills under the tutelage of Oscar Jacobson. Like Hokeah and
Mopope, Asah was a celebrated dancer who was able to balance his love
for painting with his love for dancing. Asah was commissioned murals at
OU and Riverside Indian School, but did his best work aiding Stephen
Mopope in his murals in Anadarko.
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Jack Hokeah (1902-1969)
Born in 1902, Jack Hokeah was orphaned while he was still young and,
thus, raised by his grandmother. Hokeah developed his art at an early
age though it was often overshadowed by his dancing talent. This did not
keep him from joining his fellow Kiowas at the University of Oklahoma.
He worked hard at his art while under Oscar Jacobson, but dancing was
still in his blood.
In 1930, Jack Hokeah, along with Asah and Mopope made the trip to
Gallup for the Inter-Tribal Indian Ceremonials. Following the festivities
Hokeah met the renowned potter, Maria Martinez of San Ildefonso Pueblo
staying with her family for some ten years as her adopted son before
passing away in 1969.
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Stephen Mopope (1898-1974)
Stephen Mopope was the oldest member of the group of the young
Indian artists that would become known as the Kiowa Five. He was born
in 1898 or 1899 near Red Stone Baptist Mission on the Kiowa
Reservation. While growing up on the reservation, Stephen was observed
drawing designs in the sand. Thus, tribal elders decided to teach him
how to paint on tanned skins in the old Kiowa way. As his artistic talent
began to take root, so did his skills as a dancer. Mopope blossomed into
one of the Kiowa's tribe's finest dancers considered by some to be the
best.
As he got older, his skills as an artist increased and eventually caught
the eye of Oscar Brousse Jacobson. Mopope was invited to join four of
his fellow tribal artists in attending the University of Oklahoma's Indian
Art Program. While under Jacobson's tutelage Mopope's art career
flourished and he became the most prolific artist of the Kiowa Five. Some
of his more notable commissions included murals in The University of
Oklahoma, The Federal Building in Muskogee, Oklahoma, First National
Bank of Anadarko, as well as, the U.S. Post Office in Anadarko and the
U.S. Navy Hospital in Carville, Louisiana. Though he concentrated on
painting, Mopope continued to be an accomplished dancer and flute
player.
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Monroe Tsatoke (1904-1937)
Monroe Tsatoke was a gifted painter, as well as a bead worker and
singer. As the Kiowa Five's fame grew, it was increasingly obvious that
Tsatoke and Mopope were the most prolific artists of the group.
Unfortunately, as his painting skills grew stronger, Tsatoke was
developing tuberculosis and was increasingly sick. During this time,
Tsatoke joined the Peyote faith. He became a member of the Native
American Church and began a series of paintings that depicted his
religious experiences. Tsatoke continued to work through his sickness,
refusing to let the tuberculosis get the better of him.
In 1934, he was commissioned by the Oklahoma Historical Society to
paint a series of murals, in which he featured numerous personal images,
including religious symbols, and two of his family shields. He worked on
these murals until his death from tuberculosis in 1937 when he became
the first member of the Kiowa Five to pass away. In 1950, Oscar
Jacobson produced a portfolio featuring the best of the Native American
art, including art be Tsatoke, to whom the portfolio was dedicated.
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Wilma Mankiller
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Miss America
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1926
1966
1981
1995
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Norma Smallwood, Bristow
Jane Anne Jayroe, Laverne
Susan Powell, Elk City
Shawntel Smith, Muldrow
Prosecutions and Convictions of Governor David Hall and County
Commissioners
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Governor Raymond Gary
Cultural and Ethnic Groups
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Native American Tribes represented at Crescent Public Schools
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Oklahoma Family History Research
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U.S. Census Bureau: Oklahoma Quick Facts
Race Relations in Oklahoma
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Tulsa Race Riot, 1921 - Believed
to be the single worst incident of
racial violence in American
history.
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Oklahoma Crossroads: primary
documents
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The Cleveland Advocate, June 14,
1919
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The Ku Klux Klan in Oklahoma
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Route 66
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Oklahoma Symbols
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State Animal - buffalo
Furbearer - raccoon
Game Animal - white-tailed deer
Flying Mammal - Mexican Free-tailed Bat
Bird - Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
Game Bird - Wild Turkey
Reptile - Mountain Boomer
Amphibian - Bullfrog
Fish - Sandbass
Butterfly - Black Swallowtail
Insect - Honeybee
Fruit - Strawberry
Vegetable - Watermelon
Flower - Oklahoma Rose
Wild Flower - Indian Blanket
Floral Emblem - Mistletoe
Tree - Redbud
Grass - Indiangrass
Soil - Port Silt Loam
Rock - Rose Rock
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Fossil - Saurophaganax Maximus
Crystal - Hourglass Selenite Crystal
Beverage - Milk
Meal - Fried Okra, Squash, Cornbread, Barbeque
Pork, Biscuits, Sausage & Gravy, Grits, Corn,
Strawberries, Chicken Fried Steak, Black-eyed
Peas, and Pecan Pie
Cartoon Character - Gusty, created by Don
Woods
Monument - The Golden Driller
Percussive Instrument - Drum
Musical Instrument - Fiddle
Nickname - The Sooner State
Motto - Labor Omnia Vincit, latin for "Labor
Conquers All Things"
Colors - Green & White
Song - "Oklahoma!" lyrics written by Oscar
Hammerstein II, music by Richard Rogers
Poem - "Howdy Folks" by David Randolph
Milsten
Folk Dance - Square Dance