The verb tener
Use the verb tener to show relationship,
possession, or age, or in other expressions
such as tener hambre/sueño/sed/razón.
PLACEHOLDER
The verb tener
Use tener que + infinitive to say that
something has to be done.
Tenemos que escribir mucho en la clase
de inglés.
¡Hola! Me llamo Miguel. En mi escuela
siempre estamos muy ocupados. Vamos a
ver lo que hacemos en las clases.
La profesora de español de la
Escuela Benito Juárez prepara
un cartel con las reglas de la
escuela.
La profesora de español de la
Escuela Benito Juárez prepara
un cartel con las reglas de la
escuela.
¿Cuáles son las reglas?
Hay que…
&
Se prohíbe…
The Impersonal Imperatives
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition;
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition;
that is, when an action MUST be accomplished or when
an action is prohibited.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition;
that is, when an action MUST be accomplished or when
an action is prohibited.
Spanish can accomplish this imperative in one of
several ways:
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition;
that is, when an action MUST be accomplished or when
an action is prohibited.
Spanish can accomplish this imperative in one of
several ways:
Let’s look at the ways Spanish can demand or prohibit action.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition. Spanish can achieve this with…
• Simple infinitive
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition. Spanish can achieve this with…
• Simple infinitive
•
Commands
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition. Spanish can achieve this with…
• Simple infinitive
•
Commands
• Personal obligation
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition. Spanish can achieve this with…
• Simple infinitive
•
Commands
• Personal obligation
•
Impersonal obligation
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Simple infinitive
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Simple infinitive
(-ar, -er or -ir ending)
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Simple infinitive
Written signs often convey an imperative in this way.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Simple infinitive
Written signs often convey an imperative in this way.
The infinitive is NOT conjugated.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Simple infinitive
Written signs often convey an imperative in this way.
The infinitive is NOT conjugated.
EJEMPLOS
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Simple infinitive
Written signs often convey an imperative in this way.
The infinitive is NOT conjugated.
EJEMPLOS
¡Seguir todas las señales de tráfico!
Follow all traffic signals!
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Simple infinitive
Written signs often convey an imperative in this way.
The infinitive is NOT conjugated.
EJEMPLOS
¡Seguir todas las señales de tráfico!
No fumar en tren.
Follow all traffic signals!
Do not smoke on the train.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Commands
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.
The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or
NOT to do the action.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.
The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or
NOT to do the action. In Spanish 1 you learned the informal singular
command, called the affirmative tú command.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.
The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or
NOT to do the action. In Spanish 1 you learned the informal singular
command, called the affirmative tú command.
EJEMPLOS
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.
The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or
NOT to do the action. In Spanish 1 you learned the informal singular
command, called the affirmative tú command.
EJEMPLOS
Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.
The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or
NOT to do the action. In Spanish 1 you learned the informal singular
command, called the affirmative tú command.
EJEMPLOS
Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.
Por favor, habla más despacio.
Please, speak more slowly.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.
EJEMPLOS
Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.
Por favor, habla más despacio.
Please, speak more slowly.
* To form regular affirmative tú commands…
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.
EJEMPLOS
Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.
Por favor, habla más despacio.
Please, speak more slowly.
* To form regular affirmative tú commands, just use the
él/ella/Ud. form of the present tense.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.
EJEMPLOS
Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.
Por favor, habla más despacio.
Please, speak more slowly.
* To form regular affirmative tú commands, just use the
él/ella/Ud. form of the present tense.
comer = come
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.
EJEMPLOS
Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.
Por favor, habla más despacio.
Please, speak more slowly.
* To form regular affirmative tú commands, just use the
él/ella/Ud. form of the present tense.
comer = come
mirar = mira
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.
EJEMPLOS
Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.
Por favor, habla más despacio.
Please, speak more slowly.
* To form regular affirmative tú commands, just use the
él/ella/Ud. form of the present tense.
comer = come
mirar = mira
llegar = llega
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Personal obligation
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Personal obligation — these are verbs that indicate an
obligation or duty by the subject personally used to conjugate the
verb.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Personal obligation — these are verbs that indicate an
obligation or duty by the subject personally used to conjugate the
verb.
EJEMPLOS
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Personal obligation — these are verbs that indicate an
obligation or duty by the subject personally used to conjugate the
verb.
EJEMPLOS
Debo escribir más legiblemente.
I should write more legibly.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Personal obligation — these are verbs that indicate an
obligation or duty by the subject personally used to conjugate the
verb.
EJEMPLOS
Debo escribir más legiblemente.
I should write more legibly.
Tienes que asistir a escuela.
You have to attend school.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that
is, they are not directed to any one person.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that
is, they are not directed to any one person.
They indicate that all are obliged to comply.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that
is, they are not directed to any one person.
They indicate that all are obliged to comply.
EJEMPLOS
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that
is, they are not directed to any one person.
They indicate that all are obliged to comply.
EJEMPLOS
Hay que estar en el asiento cuando la clase empieza.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that
is, they are not directed to any one person.
They indicate that all are obliged to comply.
EJEMPLOS
Hay que estar en el asiento cuando la clase empieza.
One must be in (one’s) seat when class begins.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that
is, they are not directed to any one person.
They indicate that all are obliged to comply.
EJEMPLOS
Hay que estar en el asiento cuando la clase empieza.
One must be in (one’s) seat when class begins.
Se prohíbe ir al armario durante la clase.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that
is, they are not directed to any one person.
They indicate that all are obliged to comply.
EJEMPLOS
Hay que estar en el asiento cuando la clase empieza.
One must be in (one’s) seat when class begins.
Se prohíbe ir al armario durante la clase.
It is forbidden to go to (one’s) locker during class.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that
is, they are not directed to any one person.
They indicate that all are obliged to comply.
* In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows
the expression is an infinitive!
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that
is, they are not directed to any one person.
They indicate that all are obliged to comply.
* In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows
the expression is an infinitive!
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that
is, they are not directed to any one person.
They indicate that all are obliged to comply.
* In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows
the expression is an infinitive!
Toda la clase debe responder a las preguntas del profesor.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that
is, they are not directed to any one person.
They indicate that all are obliged to comply.
* In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows
the expression is an infinitive!
Toda la clase debe responder a las preguntas del profesor.
Hay que llegar a tiempo a la clase de español.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that
is, they are not directed to any one person.
They indicate that all are obliged to comply.
* In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows
the expression is an infinitive!
Toda la clase debe responder a las preguntas del profesor.
Hay que llegar a tiempo a la clase de español.
Use hay que + infinitive for impersonal obligations.
Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or
prohibition.
Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that
is, they are not directed to any one person.
They indicate that all are obliged to comply.
* In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows
the expression is an infinitive!
Toda la clase debe responder a las preguntas del profesor.
Hay que llegar a tiempo a la clase de español.
Use hay que + infinitive for impersonal obligations.
Use se prohíbe + infinitive for impersonal prohibitions.
La clase de Esteban
¿Qué pasa con Esteban el
primer día de clases? Lee
la historia.
El primer día de clases
1
Esteban: Bienvenidos a la
clase de historia. Algunos
de Uds. me conocen como
Esteban. Pero hoy soy el
profesor.
Pedro: Esteban piensa que
es el profesor. ¡Qué divertido!
El primer día de clases
2
Esteban: Señoritas, ¿saben
qué hora es?
Angélica: Hola, Esteban. Son
las nueve y seis.
Esteban: Y la clase empieza a
las nueve y cinco. ¿Por qué
llegan tarde Uds.?
Lisa: Pero, ¿por qué estás tú
delante de la clase? ¿Dónde
está la profesora?
El primer día de clases
3
Esteban: Yo soy el profesor.
¡Y hay que estar en el asiento
cuando la clase empieza!
El primer día de clases
4
Lisa: Profesor . . . necesito ir
al armario. No tengo el libro.
El primer día de clases
5
Esteban: ¡No! ¡Se prohíbe ir
al armario durante la clase!
Nadie tiene el libro. Es el
primer día de clases.
El primer día de clases
6
Esteban: Mamá, ¿por qué
estás aquí en la clase?
Mamá: No tengo idea. ¿Y
qué vas a enseñar hoy?
El primer día de clases
7
Mamá: ¿Por qué no
empiezas?
Esteban: Es la clase de
historia. Pienso dar un
discurso sobre algunos de
los presidentes de los
Estados Unidos . . . El
primer presidente fue
George Washington . . .
El primer día de clases
8
Mamá: Esteban. Esteban. ¡Ya
es tarde!
Esteban: ¿Qué pasa? ¿Dónde
estoy? ¡Ay! El primer día de
clases . . .
Stem-changing verbs
The stem of a verb is the part of the infinitive
that is left after you drop the endings -ar, -er,
or -ir.
Stem-changing verbs
The stem of a verb is the part of the infinitive
that is left after you drop the endings -ar, -er,
or -ir. For example, the stem of empezar is
empez-.
Stem-changing verbs
The stem of a verb is the part of the infinitive
that is left after you drop the endings -ar, -er,
or -ir. For example, the stem of empezar is
empez-. Stem-changing verbs have a spelling
change in their stem in all forms of the
present tense except the nosotros(as) and
vosotros(as) forms.
Stem-changing verbs
The syllable of the stem that undergoes these
changes is ALWAYS the LAST SYLLABLE of the
STEM!
Stem-changing verbs
The syllable of the stem that undergoes these
changes is ALWAYS the LAST SYLLABLE of the
STEM!
So, for the infinitive preferir the stem change
occurs in the last e.
Stem-changing verbs
▪There are three kinds of stem-changing verbs that you have
learned.
To review them, here are the present-tense forms of:
poder (o → ue)
empezar (e → ie)
pedir (e → i).
—Si no puedes contestar una pregunta, ¿qué haces?
–Generalmente le pido ayuda a otro estudiante o al profesor.
NEVER stem-change the nosotros (-as) form!
Stem-changing verbs
Stem-changing verbs
Stem-changing verbs
The letters b, v, and d
The letters b and v are both pronounced
the same. When the b or v is the first
letter of a word or follows an m or n, it is
pronounced like the English letter b. Listen
to and say these words:
bien
vecinos
también
invierno
The letters b, v, and d
In all other positions, the letters b and v
have a softer “b” sound. To produce it, put
your lips close together (but not touching)
and push the air through them. Listen to
and say these words and sentences:
gustaba
jóvenes
árbol
devolver
Benito Vásquez era un hombre que viajaba en Brasil.
Mi novio vivía en el Caribe pero ahora vive en Buenos Aires.
The letters b, v, and d
Like the b and v, the Spanish d can have
a hard or a soft sound. The d is hard at the
beginning of a word or after n or l, like
the d in the English word dough. Listen
to and say these words:
donde
desfile
falda
cuando
aprender
The letters b, v, and d
Otherwise the d is soft like the English th
in the English word though. Listen to the
soft d in these words and repeat them:
ciudad
moderno
cuñado
boda
ayudar
The letters b, v, and d
Repeat the following refranes. What do you
think they mean?
Affirmative and negative words
Affirmative and negative words
•Or you may substitute the negative word
in place of no in front of the verb.
― Nunca estudiamos el sábado por la noche.
•You may NOT use a negative word in a phrase that is
affirmative or vice versa!
―Mi hermana nunca dice algo a alguien.
but
― Mi hermana nunca dice nada a nadie.
Affirmative and negative words
By now you know many affirmative and negative words.
Affirmative and negative words
Alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas,
and ninguno, ninguna match the number(sing. or pl.) and
gender (masc. or fem.) of the noun that follows.
Affirmative and negative words
Alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas,
and ninguno, ninguna match the number(sing. or pl.) and
gender (masc. or fem.) of the noun that follows.
—¿Uds. van al laboratorio de computadoras en
algunas clases?
Affirmative and negative words
Alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas,
and ninguno, ninguna match the number(sing. or pl.) and
gender (masc. or fem.) of the noun that follows.
—¿Uds. van al laboratorio de computadoras en
algunas clases?
—No, no vamos al laboratorio en ninguna clase.
Affirmative and negative words
When alguno and ninguno come before a
masculine singular noun, they change to algún and
ningún.
Affirmative and negative words
When alguno and ninguno come before a
masculine singular noun, they change to algún and
ningún.
—¿Vas a dar algún discurso en la clase de inglés?
Affirmative and negative words
When alguno and ninguno come before a
masculine singular noun, they change to algún and
ningún.
—¿Vas a dar algún discurso en la clase de inglés?
—No, no voy a dar ningún discurso.
Affirmative and negative words
Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may
be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even
in front of the verb.
Affirmative and negative words
Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may
be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even
in front of the verb.
Siempre pido ayuda cuando no entiendo la
lección.
Affirmative and negative words
Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may
be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even
in front of the verb.
Pido ayuda siempre cuando no entiendo la
lección.
Affirmative and negative words
Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may
be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even
in front of the verb.
No traigo mi almuerzo nunca a la escuela.
Affirmative and negative words
Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may
be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even
in front of the verb.
No traigo mi almuerzo nunca a la escuela.
Nunca traigo mi almuerzo a la escuela.
Affirmative and negative words
Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may
be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even
in front of the verb.
No traigo mi almuerzo nunca a la escuela.
Nunca traigo mi almuerzo a la escuela.
No traigo mi almuerzo a la escuela nunca.
to talk about what you do in class
aprender de
memoria
contestar
dar un discurso
discutir
explicar
hacer una
pregunta
to memorize
to answer
to give a speech
to discuss
to explain
to ask a question
to talk about what you do in class
el informe
el laboratorio
la palabra
pedir ayuda
el proyecto
sacar una buena
nota
report
laboratory
word
to ask for help
project
to get a good grade
to talk about classroom rules
a tiempo
entregar
llegar tarde
prestar atención
la regla
respetar
se prohíbe . . .
on time
to turn in
to arrive late
to pay attention
rule
to respect
it’s forbidden . . .
to name school objects
el armario
el asiento
el carnet de
identidad
la cinta adhesiva
la grapadora
los materiales
las tijeras
locker
seat
I.D. card
transparent tape
stapler
supplies, materials
scissors
negative and affirmative words
alguien
algún, alguna,
algunos, -as
nadie
ningún, ninguno, -a
someone, anyone
some, any
no one, nobody
no, none, not any
other useful words
conocer
lo que
sobre
to know
what
on, about
almorzar (o
almuerzo
almuerzas
almuerza
ue) to have lunch
almorzamos
almorzáis
almuerzan
empezar (e
empiezo
empiezas
empieza
ie) to start, to begin
empezamos
empezáis
empiezan
entender (e
entiendo
entiendes
entiende
ie) to understand
entendemos
entendéis
entienden
repetir (e
repito
repites
repite
i) to repeat
repetimos
repetís
repiten