Chapter 9
A Breath of Fresh Air
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The Respiratory System
• The respiratory system brings
oxygen from the air into the body for
delivery via blood to the cells.
• Respiration is the exchange of gases
(oxygen and carbon dioxide)
between the atmosphere and the
body cells.
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The Respiratory System
• Ventilation means the bringing in of fresh
air.
– Ventilation also is known as breathing.
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The Respiratory Tract
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The Respiratory System
• The respiratory system is divided into upper
and lower tracts.
• The upper respiratory tract consists of the
nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, and
larynx.
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Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Mouth
Larynx
Epiglottis
Tongue
Trachea
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6
Upper Respiratory Tract
• Air enters and exits the
body through the nose.
– Nas/o and rhin/o are
combining forms for nose.
– External openings of the
nose area are called nares.
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Upper Respiratory Tract
• The pharynx is the
area from the back of
the nasal cavity and
mouth to the larynx.
– Pharyng/o is the
combining form for
pharynx
– Commonly called the
throat
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Upper Respiratory Tract
• The larynx is the area between the pharynx and
the trachea.
– Laryng/o is the combining form for the larynx.
– Commonly called the voice box
• contains the vocal cords
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The Respiratory System
• The lower respiratory tract consists of the
trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.
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Epiglottis
Larynx
Alveoli
Trachea
Cartilage
ring
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
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Anatomy & Physiology 11
TM
Lower Respiratory Tract
• The trachea extends from the
neck to the chest and passes air
from the larynx to
the thoracic cavity.
– Trache/o is the combining form
for
the trachea.
– Commonly called the windpipe
• contains C-shaped cartilaginous
rings
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Lower Respiratory Tract
• The trachea divides
into two branches at the
tracheal bifurcation to
form bronchi.
– Bronch/o is the combining
form for bronchi.
– Bronchus is the singular
form of bronchi.
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Lower Respiratory Tract
• The bronchi continue to
get smaller in diameter
until they become
bronchioles.
– Bronchiol/o is the combining
form for bronchioles.
– -ole means small.
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Lower Respiratory Tract
• Alveoli are air sacs
in which gas
exchange occurs.
– Alveol/o is the
combining form for
alveoli (small sac).
– Oxygen diffuses into
the blood, and carbon
dioxide diffuses across
the alveolar wall.
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Supporting Structures
• The thoracic cavity is contained
within the ribs.
– Cost/o is the combining form for ribs.
– Thorac/o and -thorax mean chest cavity or
chest.
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Supporting Structures
• The lung is the main organ of respiration.
– The lungs are divided into well-defined divisions called
lobes.
– Pneum/o, pneumon/o, and pneu mean lungs or air.
– Pulm/o and plumon/o mean lung.
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Supporting Structures
• The lung is encased
in a membranous
sac called the
pleura.
– The pleura has two
layers; between these
two layers is the pleural
space.
– Pleur/o is the
combining form for
pleura.
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Thoracic Cavity
• Thoracic Cavity
– Pleura
• Thin membrane lining
• Visceral layer
• Parietal layer
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Supporting Structures
• The diaphragm is the
muscle that separates
the thoracic and
peritoneal cavities.
– Dia- means across.
– Phragm/o is the combining
form for wall.
– Diaphragmat/o and phren/o
are combining forms for
diaphragm.
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Supporting Structures
• Breathing is the
inhalation and
exhalation of air.
– Inhalation is the drawing
in of a breath.
– Exhalation is the release
of a breath.
• Respiration is the
exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide.
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Terms Associated
with Breathing
• The root -pnea means breathing.
• Ox/i, ox/o, and ox/y refer to oxygen.
• Capn/o refers to carbon dioxide.
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Terms Associated
with Breathing
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
apnea
dyspnea
bradypnea
tachypnea
hyperpnea
hypopnea
hypoxia
hypercapnia
hypocapnia
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Diagnostic Terms
• Auscultation
– listening to body sounds using a stethoscope
• Bronchoscopy
– Procedure to visually examine the bronchi
• Laryngoscope
– Instrument used to visually
examine the larynx
– Often used for intubation
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• Thoracentesis
– Withdraw fluid from thorax
• Trachael Wash
– Flushing small amount of fluid into trachea and
lungs, then aspirating the fluid back from the lungs
in order to collect a sample for analyzing
(culture, cytology)
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Pathological Conditions
Epistaxis
• Nosebleed
• Icepack on nose to constrict blood vessels
• Causes
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While there are many causes of epistaxis in dogs, the most
common causes are trauma and infection.
•Rodenticide or rat poisoning
•Von Willebrand's disease (vWD)
•Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
•Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
•Ehrlichiosis - tick-borne disease
•Rocky Mountain spotted fever - tick-borne disease
•Hemangiosarcoma
•Other cancers, especially of the nasal passages and
skull
•Fungal diseases (Aspergillis)
•Horses: Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage
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Tracheal Foreign Body
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Collapsed Trachea
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Thoracentesis
• Hemothorax – blood
• Pyothorax – pus
• Pneumothorax - air
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3Rxult05Cg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZK5dC6KxLKc
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Inflammation of
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rhinitis
Laryngitis
Pharyngitis
Bronchitis
Tracheitis
Tracheobronchitis
– Kennel Cough
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Fluid or Inflammation
• Pulmonary edema
– fluid accumulation in the air spaces and parenchyma
of the lungs. It leads to impaired gas exchange and
may cause respiratory failure.
• Pneumonia
– an inflammatory condition
of the lung affecting primarily
the alveoli.
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• Snuffles
– Pasteurella
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Diaphragmatic Hernia
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Medical Terms for the
Respiratory System
• Additional terms for respiratory system
tests, pathology, and procedures can be
found in the text.
• Review StudyWARE to make sure you
understand these terms.
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• Pleurisy or Pleuritis
– Exudate
– Transudate
– Serous fluid
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