Министерство профессионального образования,
подготовки и расстановки кадров Республики Саха (Якутия)
ГАПОУ РС (Я) « Южно – Якутский технологический колледж »
Учебно – методическое пособие
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS OF CIVIL
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Для специальностей:
270802 «Строительство и эксплуатация зданий и сооружений»
270802.13 «Мастер жилищно – коммунального хозяйства»
270802.10 «Мастер отделочных строительных работ»
Составитель: Жукова Н.Б.,
преподаватель
английского языка АУ РС (Я) «ЮЯТК»,
высшая квалификационная
категория
Нерюнгри, 2014
Рассмотрено:
Предметно цикловой комиссией
«Гуманитарных дисциплин»
Утверждено
на заседании Научно – методическом совета колледжа
30.01.2014 г.
Протокол №4
Автор:
Жукова Наталья Борисовна,
преподаватель иностранных языков АУ РС (Я) «ЮЯТК»,
высшая квалификационная категория
Рецензенты:
Веселова В.В., кандидат философских наук,
доцент кафедры социальных наук ТИ (ф) СВФУ
им. М.К.Аммосова, г.Нерюнгри
Касьянова Л.Ф., преподаватель АУ РС (Я) «ЮЯТК»,
высшая квалификационная категори
Unit 1 Human Dwellings
Text 1:From the History of Human Dwelling
Из истории человеческого жилья
I.Прочитайте следующие слова:
[ ] – within, weather, themselves, them
[ ] – wall
[ ] – building
[ ] – large, branch
[ ] – purpose
[ ] – wild
[ ] – other
[ ] – branch, chose, picture, structure, chief
[ ] – civilization, ancient
II. Чтение и устная речь
Прочитайте текст и письменно ответьте на
поставленные вопросы
Fromthehistoryofhumandwellings
1) Where did primitive people look for protection?
Most of the time of a modern man is spent within the walls of
some building. Houses are built for dwelling; large building are
constructed for industrial purposes; theatres, museums, public and
scientific institutions are built for cultural activities of the people.
The purposes of modern buildings differ widely, but all of them
originate from the efforts of primitive (первобытный) men to
protect themselves from stormy weather, wild enemies and human
enemies. Protection was looked for everywhere. In prehistoric
times men looked for protection under the branches of trees; some
covered themselves with skins of animals to protect themselves
from cold and rain; others settled in caves (пещеры).
2) What are the earliest types of human dwellings?
When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold, at
least in winter, and so the people of the Old Stone Age had to find
some warm and dry place to shelter from bad weather. They chose
caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not destroy. On
the walls of their caves ancient people painted pictures. Such
decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.
When man began to build a home for himself, caves were
imitated in Stone structures, these were taken as a model for huts
built o branches; skins were raised on poles and formed tens.
3) Why were the houses in town higher than in the
country?
In the days of early civilization, once men had learnt how to
build Simple houses for their families, they began to feel a need to
have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. At first
the difference was mainly in size-the chief or leader had a larger
hut or tent than the rest of the people. Much later, when men
began to build towns, there grew up a difference between town
houses and country houses. The streets in towns were very narrow
and there was not much place for building within the town walls,
and therefore houses had to be built higher than they were in the
country. A typical town house consisted of a shop opening on the
street where the man did his work or sold his goods, with a
kitchen behind and a bedroom above.
4) What were the houses in ancient Egypt built of?
In the country ordinary people lived in simple one-storey
cottages, which did not differ much from the mud and stone huts
earlier age. The rich people in the country, on the other hand, built
huge castles with thick walls and narrow windows. These castles
were built not only as dwellings, but also to stand up to enemy
attack and to be strong bases in time of war. The earliest houses of
which anything is known are those of ancient Egypt. They were
built of bricks dried in the sun. Some of them were built around a
courtyard or garden with rooms opening into it.
5) How did the light come into early English
houses?
Greek houses, too, had a courtyard in the middle and round
their courtyard ran a covered walk (аллея), its ceiling supported
by pillars. There were special women’s quarters, usually upstairs
on the second storey. In Rome bricks were used for building, and
houses were often finished with plaster over bricks on both inside
and outside walls. The centre of family life was a gardencourtyard, surrounded by columns and with rooms opening out
into it. The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or
wicker basket work (плетение из прутьев) plastered over with
clay. In the centre of the house was the hearth (очаг) and light
came in through the hole in the roof above it and through the door
because there were no windows.
Pre-text exercises:
1.
Изучите слова к тексту:
Verbs (глаголы)
build (built, built) – строить
construct, erect
originate from – происходить
protect – защищать
cover – закрывать
settle – поселятся
choose (chose, chosen) – выбирать
find (found, found) – искать
serve – служить
differ – отличаться
surround – окружать
Adjectives and Adverbs
(Прилагательные и наречия)
ancient – древний
modern – совершенный
warm – теплый
dry – сухой
simple – простой
mainly – главным образом
narrow – узкий
high – высокий
behind – позади
above – наверху
huge – огромный
thick – толстый
dried – высушенный
around – вокруг
Nouns (существительные)
building – строение, здание
house – дом
dwelling – жилище, жилье, проживание
theatre – театр
purpose – цель
branch – ветвь
cave – пещера
hut – хижина
pole – шест
tent – палатка
kind – вид
country – сельский, деревенский
storey – этаж
courtyard – двор
brick – кирпич
plaster – штукатурка
root – крыша
wall – стена
stone – камень
shop – цех
2. Переведите предложения
1) Most of the modern man is spent within the walls of some
building.
2) Houses are built for dwelling, large buildings are
constructed for industrial purposes, theatres and museums are
built for cultural activities of the people.
3) Protection was looked for everywhere (look for-искать).
4) Such decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.
5) When man began (begin-начинать) to build a home for
himself, caves were imitated (imitate-представлять)in stone
structures, trees were taken (take-брать) as a model for huts built
of branches; skins were raised (raise-поднимать) on poles and
formed tents.
6) Castles (замки) were built to stand up (противостоять) to
enemy attract and to be strong bases in war time.
7) In Rome bricks were used (use-использовать) for building,
and houses were often finished (finish-отделывать)with plaster
over bricks.
After-text exercise
3.
Закончите предложения и переведите их
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Houses are built for…
The purpose of any building is…
Primitive men looked for protection…
On the walls of their caves ancient man…
When men began to build towns, these grew up…
A typical town house consisted of…
These castles were built not only as…
Some Egyptian houses were built around…
Greek houses had…
The earliest houses in Britain were…
Сделайте письменный перевод, пользуясь общим
англо-русским словарем:
The New District
There is a broad straight avenue from the House of Culture to
the district centre. Beyond the avenue there is a big park. There is
a beautiful lake in the park. On the central square of the district
there is a wide – screen cinema, a hotel, a department store,
dressmaking and tailoring establishments, cafes and a metro
station. That is in short what the new district looks like.
Text 2: History of the Houses
History of the houses can be divided into some stages, such as
primitive houses, Egypt period, Greek period, Roman period, etc.
First people lived in caves, tents, huts or earthen houses. Basic
building materials were wood and stone.
An important peculiarity of Egyptian houses was a flat roof.
Egyptians built many monuments,
sphinxes, pyramids and columns.
Construction required many workers,
large expenses and a lot of time.
Greek improved Egypt’s architecture.
The roofs of their houses were slanting.
Romans made architecture more various and beautiful. They
decorated their houses improving columns and arches.
In the Middle Ages in Europe many castled and fortresses were
built. They defended population from enemy.
Парфенон
Egyptian pyramids
There were many different styles or kinds of architecture in the
past and there are many different styles today in various parts of
the world.
The older monuments which are met within architecture are the
colossal pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed about
6000 years ago.
The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed
over the tombs of Egyptian kinds. The pyramids tell us about the
advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much spoken
about even in our days.
It was a country which had expert mathematicians and
engineers, where astronomy and philosophy were known and
studied.
The country was rich in hard and durable stone, but poor in
timber and metal, so that the main material used for construction
was granite, and this was the reason for the durability of the
pyramids.
Large blocks of stone were transported over long distances by
land and water, and placed into position with the help of the most
primitive equipment. That was done by slaves working for thirty
or forty years. All this great amount of work was done, masses of
material and a large territory sometimes of about 52000 square
meters were used only for protecting the body of a dead king and
constructing a dwelling place for his happy life in the «other
world».
Rome
The Romans took nearly all the architectural ideas and
decorative motifs of Greek buildings.
As builders and creators of great
arches and domes, the Romans
developed their own distinctive style.
As constructional engineers they
surpassed the Greeks.
Greek domestic architecture was
based on the simples: a square room
with a fireplace in the middle, a smaller
undecorated structure in front, a
colonnaded courtyard leading off to rooms without windows.
Roman
architects
had a considerable
range of building types
to erect: temples, huge
meeting halls, theatres,
palaces, aqueducts and
baths. The arch was the
universal motif used for
the most insignificant
doorway and for great triumphal arches commemorating major
political events alike.
In Roman times, any large-scale public building – public
concourse, covered market or warehouse was called a basilica.
Today the work is used only for a certain kind of church, the
interior of which is split into three of five naves with rows of
supporting columns. The side naves are always lower than the
main central ones.
Text 3: Ancient Wonders of the World
Кроме мифов, как необъясненных, так и научно
доказанных, в мире есть много чудес, сотворенных
человеком. Прочитайте о некоторых из них и скажите,
считаете ли вы их действительно чудесами или нет.
The Great Pyramids is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World that still stands. It was built at the order of the
Pharaoh Cheops who once ruled Egypt. More than 100,000 slaves
laboured for twenty years to build it. They hadno machines, not
even carts - all the work was done by human strength alone. Yet
each huge block was so well laid
that the Pyramid has stood for
5,000 years. Near the Great
Pyramid in Egypt stands a huge
sculptured rock called the Sphynx.
The face is that of man, perhaps the
Pharaoh Khafre who had built it
almost 5,000 years ago. But the
body is that of a
lion, and between its great stone paws is a
smalltemple. Since no one knows exactly why
the Sphynx was built, it remains a symbol of
mystery - a riddle.
In Babylon, one of the great cities of the
Ancient World, there was a famous garden
which amazed visitors for hundreds of years. It
was called the Hanging Gardens, because it was
built along arches and towers and looked like a
wall of flowers and green shrubs. The garden
was kept alive by a hidden pool on the highest terrace, from which
the water was drawn to appear in a series of fountains. The gardens
were built by King Nebuchodnozzor, who is mentioned in the Bible
as the cruel conqueror of Jerusalem.
The greatest god of the ancient Greeks was
Zeus, whom the Romans called Jupiter. The
greatest statue of Zeus was at Olympia, where
the famous Olympic Games were held in its
honour. The statue was 40 feet high - about
seven times a man's hight- and was made of
marble, decorated with pure gold and ivory.
After 1,000 years, an earthquake tumbled it
down.
Notes:
1. pyramid - пирамида; 2. pharaoh - фараон; 3. Cheops Хеопс; 4. to rule Egypt управлятьЕгиптом; 5. slave-раб; 6. cart повозка; 7. huge -огромный;
8. Khafre - Хафре; 9. paw - л а п а ;10. temple - храм; 11.
Babylon-Вавилон; 12.Hanging Gardens –висячиесады; 13.arch арка; 14. shrub - куст; 15. hidden pool –скрытыйбассейн; 16. to
draw (drew, drawn)—тащить, протянуть;17. Nebuchodnozzor —
Навуходоноссор; 18.The Bible - Библия; 19.cruel conqueror –
жестокийзавоеватель; 20. Jerusalem-Иерусалим; 21.God - бог;
22.Zeus - Зевс; 23.the Romans - римляне; 24.Jupiter - Юпитер;
25.inhonour - в честь; 26.marble - мрамор; 27. pure - чистый; 28.
ivory–слоноваякость; 29. earthquake - землетрясение; 30. to
tumble down – разрушать
Text: Ancient Wonders of the World
The temple of Artemis is one of the most famous temples of the
ancient world. It stood for 600 years in Ephesus, a great city of
Syria. The temple was sacred to Artemis, also called Diana,
goddess of the moon. The finest sculptors and painters of Greece
decorated this beautiful building, which was destroyed by the
barbaric Goths. Only a few pieces of statues and columns remained.
They were dug up by modern scientists.
Few remember the tiny kingdom of Caria, which once flourished
in what is now southwestern Turkey. But the name of its king,
Mausolus, is known because of the word "mausoleum" - a massive
tomb. The original Mausoleum, built in memory
of this king by his widow, Queen Artemisia, was so magnificent
that it was one of the Wonders of the Ancient World.
Rhodes, an island near Greece, was
one of the richest and busiest towns of
the ancient world. Standing across the
entrance to its big harbour, was a huge
statue of the sun god Helios, famous
as the Colossus of Rhodes. Although
ships sailed beneath these giant feet,
the Colossus was not as large as the
American Statue of Liberty.
The most famous lighthouse in
ancient times was the Pharos of
Alexandria built by Alexander the
Great. It guarded the harbour of
Alexandria, in Egypt, and light from a
high tower could be seen for sixty
miles. To keep the beacon shining, the light-house keepers had to
feed a bright fire unceasingly, for the powerful electric lamps
behind glass lenses used in our lighthouses were not yet invented.
Notes:
1. Artemis - Артемида; 2. Ephesus- Эфес; 3. Syria - Сирия;4.
to be sacred to –бытьпосвященным, построенным в честькогол.; 5. goddess - богиня; 6. to destroy - разрушать; 7. barbaric варварский; 8. Goths - готы; 9.to dig (dug,dug) - копать; 10. tinyкрошечный;
11.
CariaКария;
12.to
flourish
цвести;13.Mausolus - Мавзол (имя)-14. tomb - могила,
гробница; 15. Mausoleum -мавзолей (видгробницы)', 16.Queen
Artemisia –королеваАртемизия;
17 .entrance - вход; 18.
harbour-гавань; 19.Helios -Гелиос (богСолнца) 20.the Colossus
of Rhodes –Родосскийколосс; 21. beneath -под;22. lighthouse маяк; 23. the Pharos of Alexandria –Александрийскиймаяк; 23. to
guard - охранять, сторожить; 24. to keep the beacon shining –
чтобымаяк (сигнальныйогонь) горел; 25. to feed - зд.
подбрасыватьтопливо в огонь; 26. unceasingly - непрерывно;
27. lenses -линзы; 28. to invent - изобретать
After-texttasks
1.
В древние времена упоминали 7 чудес света.
Прочитайте список и найдите «чудо», о котором не
упоминается в тексте:
The Pyramids, the Gardens of Babylon, the Temple of
Artemis, the Statue of Zeus of Olympia, the Mausoleum,
the Colossus of Rhodes, the Pharos of Alexandria, the
Sphynx. Что Вы знаете о нем?
2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя текст:
1. Why was the greatest statue of Zeus destroyed?
2. Who was the Artemis destroyed by?
3. Where did the word “mausoleum” originate from?
4. What do you thing is larger: the Colossus of Rhodes or the
Statue of Liberty ?
5. How far was the light of the Pharos seen?
3. Скажите, какое из чудес поразило Вас больше всего.
Объясните почему.
4. В мире осталось несколько древнейших чудес.
Найдите в интернете информацию о них и подготовьте
устное сообщение.
WhatWasthe Probable Origin of Some English
Towns?
Text 4: From the history of towns and cities in England
Прочитайте текст и расскажите об истории появления
первых городов в Англии.
The origins of towns and cities differ according to race and
place. Man, in the early days of history, lived his life with his
family, he protected his wife and children, he hunted for food, and
attacked the enemy. When a young man got married, he carried
his wife away to another cave or shelter, and there established a
home. As people become more civilized and understood the art of
living better, collections of houses grew up in one spot and the
communal life of a town began.
To the Greek the city was his homeland; he spoke with pride of
the town which was his birthplace. He built house and temples
there, which were full of grace and beauty.
The Romans, too, more than any other people, prized their city,
and to be a citizen of Rome was to be honored amongst men.
When the Romans came to Britain, they found it a land of forests
and swamps. In order to move their troops about rapidly, they
made roads and camps for soldiers constructed them at road
junctions. These sites of old Roman camps became centers of
trade, and today still exist as towns and cities.
After the Romans’ departure (in 410 B. C.), the Anglo –
Saxons swept over the country and destroyed almost all the
civilization which Romans established. They disliked to live in
towns; they lived in small agricultural villages and built houses
mainly of wood.
When the English became Christians, they built monasteries
and abbeys in different parts of the country. In time these holy
buildings became centers of trade, and towns grew up around
them. Then the English had to fight the Danes who came over to
harry the English. Alfred the Great ordered each county of
England to fortify one place as a city of refuge and a center
against attack. The English borough of today has its origin in
these old fortified places.
Round the large manor houses, however, many towns began to
flourish. The Normans built castles inside old boroughs. Towns
sprang up round other Norman castles.
Notes:
1.было почетным среди людей – to be honoured amongst
men
2.перекресток – roadjunctions
3.дом феодала – manor
Pre – textexercises
1. Изучите слова к тексту:
according to – согласно
abbey – аббатство
against – против
around – вокруг
art – искусство
as – как, в качестве
be fond of – любить
build = construct – строить
building – здание
borough – небольшой город
carry away – увозить
cave – пещера
castle – крепость
depart – уходить
destroy – разрушать
differ – отличаться
establish – устраивать
flourish – процветать
fortify – укреплять
growup – расти, вырастать
harry – разорять, опустошать
home – дом
inside – внутри
mainly – главным образом
order – приказывать
origin – происхождение
prize – хвалить
protect – защищать
refuge – убежище
road – дорога
shelter – укрытие
spot = place – место
springup – появляться, возникать
temple – храм
village – деревня
2.Grammar “TheSimplePast”
Объясните следующие символы:
Ved / V2
Didnot + V1
Did…. V1…?
Найдите в словаре первоначальную форму следующих
глаголов и переведите их:
lived
got
attacked
become
understood
built
grew up
came
ordered
sprang up
began
carried
found
was
spoke
were
harried
swept
After – textexercises
3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя текст;
1. Do the origins of towns and cities differ, and if they do,
according to what?
2. Were woman and children protected by man in the early
days of history?
3. What did a man usually do when he got married?
4. How did communal life begin?
5. What did the Greek understand by the word “city” ?
6. What was a “ citizen of Rome” to a Roman?
7. Why did the Romans have to build roads and where did they
build them?
8. What did these sites soon become?
9. When did the Romans leave England?
10. Did the Anglo – Saxons like living in towns?
11. Where did they usually live?
12. When were monasteries and abbeys built?
13. Did the English have to fight with the Danes?
14. Under what king was each county of England ordered to
fortify one place as a city of refuge?
15. Did the Normans build castles inside old boroughs?
16. Where did towns spring up?
4. Перескажите текст, используя следующий план:
1. Early homes of man (cave, shelter)
2. The Greeks (cities and towns, houses and temples full of
grace and beauty)
3. The Romans (roads, camps for soldiers, became centers of
trade…)
4. The Anglo – Saxons (destroyed, lived in villages, houses
built of wood)
5. The Danes (fortified places: refuges and centers against
attacks, boroughs)
6. The Normans ( lived in villages, built castles).
5. Напишите сочинение об истории возникновения
вашего города
Text 5:EgyptianPyramids
Прочитайте текст и выскажите свое мнение по
содержанию. Если вы согласны или не согласны с
автором, подтвердите свою точку зрения.
Architecture is the art which makes buildings beautiful to look
at as well as useful. A man who designs (проектировать)
buildings and makes the plans for them is called an architect. He
has to think not only of what he want the building to look like
when it is finished, but also what it is to be used for. He must not
forget the sort of material to be used in the building. This may be
stone, brick, wood or steel and concrete.
There have been many different styles or kinds of architecture
in the past and there are many different styles today in different
parts of the world.
The oldest monuments which are met within architecture are
the colossal pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed
about 6,000 years ago.
The pyramids are large triangular (треугольный) buildings
which were placed over the tombs (могилы) of Egyptian kings.
The best known of the pyramids are a group of these built at Giza
southward of Cairo. The largest of them is 482 feet high. They tell
us of the advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much
spoken about even in our days.
It was a country which had expert mathematicians and
engineers, where astronomy and philosophy were known and
studied.
The country was rich in hard and durable (прочный) stone, but
poor in timber and metal, so that the main material used for
construction was granite, and this is the reason for the durability
of the pyramids.
Large blocks of stone were transported over long distances by
land and water, placed into position with the help of the most
primitive equipment. That was done by slaves (рабы) working for
thirty or forty years. All this great amount of work was done,
masses of material and a large territory sometimes of about 52,000
square meters were used only for protecting the body of a dead
king and constructing a dwelling place for his happy life in the
“other world”.
Text 6: Stones of Pyramids
Прочитайте текст и кратко письменно передайте его
содержание.
Egyptian pyramids are huge structures which are almost 4.600
years old. The Pyramid of Cheops, for example, consists of
2.300.000 stones. Each of the stones weighs about 2.5 tones.
According to the usual explanation large blocks of stone were
cut in the mountains and then transported with the help of the
most primitive equipment. So about 100 thousand people had to
take part in the construction.
But the experiments of one of the research institutes show that
the stone of pyramids were not transported to the construction site.
Twelve years of research in the field of chemistry and archeology
have given quite a definite answer. The stones of pyramids were
made synthetically. Egyptians produced some special solution.
Later they mixed it with one of the minerals. It took them several
hours to transform this mixture into very hard rock. This rock was
produced just on the construction site and so there was no need of
transporting heavy stones.
Now scientists and engineers know how to produce hard
materials synthetically. At present similar materials are used in
industry. The synthetic rock looks like limestone granite or any
other rock.
The Egyptians had a great knowledge of mathematics and
chemistry and they could know this technique. The necessary
minerals could be found everywhere. Only the use of this
technique can explain some strange facts. First of all, the presence
of huge monolithic stones inside the pyramids which are too large
for the entrance door and the presence of a human hair which is 21
cm long inside one of the stones.
Unit 2 Places of Interest
Text 1: Cities, Towns,Villages. PlacesofInterest
Большие и малые города, села и деревни.
Достопримечательности городов.
1.
Прочитайте слова по транскрипции
[
] house, town, about
[
] building
[
] club, other, front, bus, another
[
] other, together, their, there, either
[
] [ ] city, cars, cities, can, motor – cycle
[
] cycle, bicycle, either, drive
[
] few,
communication
2.
Прочитайте
текст, выпишите из
текста и переведите
предложения со
словами:building,
house, city, town,
village, street, pavement, road, means of communication,
either… or…
CitiesTowns Villages
Houses are buildings. Schools and clubs are buildings, too. A
shop is a building or a part of a building. When there are many
houses and other buildings together, they make a town. A city is a
very big town. When there are few houses and other buildings
together, they make a village.
Cities, towns and villages have names. Moscow, St.
Petersburg, Kiev, Minsk, London, Cambridge, Oxford, etc. are the
names of cities. Cities, towns and villages have streets between
their buildings, that is, the buildings are on each side of streets. On
each side of the
street, in front of
the buildings
there is a
pavement.
Between the
pavements there
is the road.
People walk on
the pavements, buses and cars drive on the roads.
We can get from one place to another by different means of
communication. We can
go by train, by airplane
(or plane), by ship, by
bus, by car, etc.
How can we get from
Moscow to
Vladivostok? We can
get there either by train
or by airplane. If we go by train it takes us about seven days.If we
go by airplane it takes us about 12 hours only.
How can we get to the nearest town? We can get there either
by bus or train.
How can we get from one village to another? We usually use a
bicycle, a motor – cycle or a bus to get from one village to
another.
3.Sightseeing
Прочитайте диалоги и составьте свои собственные по
аналогии
Wordsandexpressions:
sightseeing– осмотр достопримечательностей
togosightseeing – осматривать достопримечательности
placesofinterest – достопримечательности
getoff – выходить
theBolshoitheatre – Большой театр
farfromhere- далеко от сюда
to turn on the right – свернуть направо
notatall – Не стоит благодарности
Dialogue 1
Sightseeing
A: I am in Moscow for the first time and I want to go
sightseeing.
So, where shall I go first?
B: It`s really very difficult to say. There are so many places of
interest here. I advise you first of all to visit the Kremlin on Red
Square. Take trolley - bus 2 and get off in the center of Moscow at
Revolution Square.
A: Thank you very much.
Dialogue 2
A: Я приехал в Лондон впервые, и мне хочется осмотреть
достопримечательности этого города.
B: Лондон – большой и красивый город. Это один из
самых больших городов Европы (Europe). Трудно сказать,
куда пойти, прежде всего. Я советую вам посетить
Британский музей (Britishmuseum) и Вестминстерский дворец
(WestminsterPalace) и побывать на Трафальгарской
(Trafalgarsquare) площади.
А: Благодарю вас.
Dialogue 3
А: Простите, не можете ли вы сказать мне, как пройти к
Большому театру? Это далеко?
Б: Нет, не далеко. Идите до Красной площади и затем
сверните направо
А: Благодарю вас.
Б: Не стоит благодарности.
No Time For Sightseeing
A farmer; who went to a large city to see the places of interest,
engaged (снял) a room at hotel. Before going sightseeing he asked
the clerk about the hours for meals.
“ We have breakfast from 7 to 11, dinner from 12 to 3 and
supper from 6 to 8,” said the clerk.
“Look here,” (послушайте) said the farmer in surprise? “But
at what time am I going to see the town?”
Ответьте на вопросы:
1.
Who went to a large city to see the places of interest? 2.
What did the farmer engage? 3. What did he ask the clerk before
going sightseeing? 4. What did the clerk answer? 5. What did the
farmer say in surprise?
Text 2: Manezh
Прочитайте текст «Манеж», выпишите из текста и
переведите предложения, описывающие архитектурные
инновации этого здания.
Manezhis a building on the western side of the Kremlin. It is
near Alexandrovsky Gardens. Now it is the Central Exhibition
Hall.Manezh was built in 1817 for parades and the training of the
Moscow cavalry, and as a memorial to the Russian victory in
1812.There is not a single internal support. The roof rests on
crosswise timber rafters. Is it the first building of such
construction in Moscow.Architect OsipBove, ornamented the
building with strong half columns and decorated the walls. The
building was completed in 6 months. Contemporaries wrote that
there was ”nothing anywhere in Europe”. Many engineers have
made a study or the roof, which has been described in many
building textbooks. In the 19 th century Manezh became a major
cultural centre in the city. It was used for different exhibitions. In
1908 the building was used for the first international exhibition of
cars, bicycles and sports equipment.
Text 3: Saint Petersburg
St. Petersburg, one of
the most beautiful cities
in the world, was
founded by Peter the
Great in 1703 and it was
called so in his honour.
The city is situated on
the Neva River and has
become the “window” to Europe. It was built by the prominent
European and Russian
architects.
Музей городской скульптуры
St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia from 1712 till 1918.
The Peter and Paul
Fortresswas built to protect
the Neva banks from Swedish
invasion. Later D. Trezzini,
the famous Swiss architect,
reconstructed the fortress. It
became a prison. Now it is a museum. D.Trezzini erected the
Peter and Paul Cathedralhere, which is a masterpiece of
architecture. Russian tsars were buried in it.
St. Petersburg is an industrial, cultural and scientific centre.
There are over 80 museums, about 20 theatres, exhibitions, clubs,
a university, colleges, institutes, schools, libraries and parks. The
Pushkin Drama Theatre, the Bolshoi Gorky Drama Theatre, the
Mariinsky Theatre of Opera and Ballet are pearls of the Russian
art.
In St. Petersburg
there are a lot of
parks and gardens
where the citizens
can spend their free
time.
The Summer Garden is the oldest and most fascinating park.
Rare trees, bushes and flowers grow there. Beautiful marble
statues made by Italian sculptors and a cast iron grille decorate the
Summer Garden. There is a bronze monument to the prominent
Russian fabulist Ivan Krylov (by sculptor Klodt) in the Summer
Garden.
The city is famous for its magnificent architectural ensembles
of the 18 – 19 centuries.
In St. Petersburg tourists usually start sightseeing from Palace
Square, the largest and most beautiful one. One cannot help
admiring the ensemble in Palace Square: the Winter Palace( built
by Rastrelli) was the residence of Russian tsars till the revolution.
The Hermitage, one of the oldest art museums in Russia,
occupies the Winter Palace and four other buildings. There one
can see masterpieces of the outstanding artists: Leonardo da
Vinci, Raphael, Rembrandt, Velazques and other unique works of
art.The Russian museum is located in the Mikhailovsky Palace,
designed by Rossi. Marvellous paintings of the famous Russian
artists: Tropinin, Repin, Bryullov, Fedotov, Surikov, the works of
sculptors: Rastrelli, Shubin, Antokolsky are exhibited here.The
streets and squares in St. Petersburg are very beautiful. Nevsky
Prospect is the main street of the city, where there are amazing
buildings, shops, hotels and the remarkable Kazan Cathedrаl
(byVoronikhin) with a colonnade and monuments to M. Kutuzov
and Barclay de Tolly. Here in the prospect one can see the
magnificent building of the Admiralty (by Zakharov) and an
ensemble of the Alexander NevskyLavra. Famous Russian writers,
painters, composers and actors were buried in the Lavra.
The majestic palaces, cathedrals, churches and other buildings,
built by famous architects, decorate St. Petersburg, such as:
palaces
of
Vorontsov,
Stroganov,
Menshikov,
Anichkov, the Triumphal
Arch
and
Cathedral,
Montferrand.
St.
Isaac`s
erected
by
St.Isaak`s
Cathedral,
one of the most beautiful
cathedrals, from the
observation place of it one can see the panorama of the city.
One cannot forget to mention the SmolnyInstitute and the
Smolny nunnery, masterpieces ofRastrelli. Girls from aristocratic
families studied and lived in the institute.
A lot of bridges cross the
Neva, the Fontanka, the
Moika and the canals, but the
Anichkov Bridge is the most
beautiful one.
St. P Petersburg inspired many of our great poets, writers,
painters, sculptors, composers and actors. Much of the life and
work of Lermontov,
Griboyedov, Pushkin, Belinsky, Glinka,
Chaikovsky, Repin and Kramskoi was connected
with the city.
Citizens, tourists and guests enjoy visiting the suburbs of St.
Petersburg: Petergof,Pushkin, Pavlovsk, Lomonosov with
wonderful palaces, parks and fountains.
Answer thequestions:
1)When was the town of Petersburg founded?
2)Which of the city`s architectural sights do you know?
Beaguide
Проведите экскурсию по Петербургу. Используйте
следующие слова и выражения.
1) Ladies and gentlemen! I`d like to draw your attention to
this monument (church, palace, bridge, cathedral, building,
sculpture, fountain).
2) Our city is famous for its straight and wide streets (
beautiful parks, architectural ensembles, historical places,
churches, numerous monuments).
3) This magnificent church (bridge, castle, tower, wall, canal,
port; in the 17th century, under Peter the Great, by order of N.,
after the design of K.) was built in 1714 (…)
4) The (castle, tower, cathedral, road, bridge, canal)
foundation dates to ( Ivan the Terrible, the time of Suvorov, the
pre – war time, the time of the Roman Empire, the time of Peter
the Great).
Text 4: The Land of White Night
Прочитайте и кратко передайте содержание текста.
The town of Petersburg was founded on 16 May, 1703. Several
generations of talented Russian and foreign architects were
engaged in the planning and construction of Petersburg`s
downtown. Petersburg is one of the world`s most beautiful cities.
The Summer Garden, the Winter Palace, the Hermitage, the
monument to Peter I, the
Russian Museum are the
city`s
remarkable
architectural sights.
Soon after Petersburg
was built , it turned into
the
main
center
of
Russian science and culture. Outstanding scholars like M. V.
Lomonosov, D. I. Mendeleyev, I. P. Pavlov and many others
engaged themselves in activities of the Academy of Sciences
and the University. A. S. Pushkin, M. Y. Lermontov, N.A.
Nekrasov glorified the city in many of their works.
There are many memorial places in the city that relate to life
and creative work of the great Russian writers: N. V. Gogol, T. M.
Dostoevsky, the composers: M. I. Glinka, P. I. Chaikovskiy, M. P.
Musorgskiy, N. A. Rimskiy – Korsakov, the painters: K. P.
Bryullov, I. Y. Repin, I. N. Kramskoy, V. I. Surikov, etc.
St. Petersburg today is a center of science and culture, welldeveloped industries including shipbuilding, a large international
port on the Baltic Sea.
Notes to the text:
architectural - архитектурный
composer - композитор
construction - застройка
downtown – деловая часть города ( центр )
engage - вовлекать
generation - поколение
glorify – прославлять, восславлять
international - международный
outstanding - выдающийся
palace - дворец
prominent - известный
scholar - ученый
shipbuilding - кораблестроение
sights – достопримечательности, памятники
turninto – стать , становиться
charming – очаровательный, прекрасный
famous - знаменитый
Text 5: Kizhy
Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос «What is the
most precious thing in Kizhy?»
Anyone who visits Karelia will always be tempted to come
back. Karelia is a country of more than 23 thousand rivers. Almost
all of them are less than 10 km long.
About half of Karelia`s territory is covered with woods, mostly
pine and fir.
Let`s start on a voyage by the Neva River and Ladoga and
Onega Lakes to the famous islands of Valaam and Kizhy to see
the charming nature of the northern land.
Kizhy is a small island (7 km long and about one and a half km
wide) in lake Onega, Europe`s second largestlake.Kizhy is called
“Russian Wonder.”
The most precious thing in
Kizhy is 22-cupola Cathedral
of the Transfiguration built in
1714. Its walls, ceilings and
roofs were made of pine trees
without any nail, using only
an axe. The twenty-two cupolas are of different size which givethe
cathedral a fairy-tale look.
We don`t know anything about the man of genius who built it.
There is a legend inKizhy that this church was built by Master
Nestor. Having built, he threw his axe into Lake Onega with the
words, “There has never been, there isn`t and there will never be
anything like it.”
The island Valaam is the biggest on the Ladoga. There is a
monastery on the island. It was founded by Novgorod townsfolk
and stood to defend Russian land borders, and many times
repelled Swedish attacks. The monastery was ruined in the early
17th century, but restored in the 18th century. Along with trees
that are common to these latitudes, you can see oak, cedar groves,
alleys of silver fir and fruit gardens. The walls of northern
structures were always made of pine. The carpenters always tried
to make the building stand as long as possible. 22 domes are
reliable protection against the wet. When it rains, water falls from
the upper to the lower domes, which throw water far away from
the walls. That is why the wooden church has managed to survive
so long.
There are also other interesting wooden constructions, small
chapels, living houses. People from every corner of the world
keep coming here. They speak different languages but all agree on
one point: Kizhi is incomparable!
Notes to the text:
fir - ель
island - остров
magnificent - великолепный
manage - суметь
masterpiece – шедевр, творение
pine - сосна
preciousthing - ценность
voyage - путешествие
willbetempted – не удержится от искушения
alley - аллея
border – граница, рубеж
cedar - кедр
defend - защищать
early - вначале
grove - роща
incomparable – бесподобный, несравненный
latitude - широта
Novgorodtownsfolk - новгородцы
repel - отражать
restore - восстанавливать
ruin– разрушать
survive - выживать
Grammarexercises
I.Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на перевод Participle 1.
1.
Speaking of residential construction we must say that the
apartment houses are mostly built to suit urban conditions.
2.
Natural stone is used for footing and foundations for
external walls carrying the load.
3.
Being brittle concrete can`t withstand tensile stresses, and
it can`t therefore be used in structures subjected to tensile stresses
under load.
4.
Concrete units have been brought to the construction site
for assembling.
II.Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на перевод Participle 2.
1.
The design adopted for the new bridge simplified the
fabrication of steelwork.
2.
Large – panel construction consists of using reinforced
concrete panels one or two stories high, sometimes made of light
– weight insulating concrete.
3.
When reconstructed the station looked more beautiful than
before.
4.
Huge reinforced concrete units manufactured in heated
factory premises and assembled at a construction site have many
advantages.
III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на перевод независимого причастного оборота.
1.
The ancient houses being built without cement, the
remains of only a few of them still exist.
2.
The Conference on building contains a wide range of
facilities: three large council chambers, each containing about 400
public and 120 press seats.
3.
The country was rich in hard and durable (прочный)
stone, but poor in timber and metal, the main material used for
construction being granite.
4.
Being built in a new way modern houses have better
facilities.
Text 6:The Story of a Statue
If you ever come to London you will surely go to Trafalgar
Square. The main feature of the Square is Nelson`s Column with
the figure of the great seaman on the top.
Just behind it is the National Gallery where there is one of the
finest collections of pictures in the world. In the middle of the
road there is an interesting statue which is one of the finest in
Great Britain. It is made in bronze and represents Charles I on
horseback.
The Statue of Charles I has a very amusing history. After the
English Civil War (1642 – 1646) it was taken down and sold to
a cutler. He immediately made great numbers of knives and forks
with bronze handles. He told everybody that they were the best
knives and that he had made them from the metal of the statue.
They were rapidly bought, both by the friends and the enemies of
the late monarch. The cutler soon made a lot of money and retired
from business. Some time after the Restoration the government
wanted to put up a new statue to the memory of Charles I. When
the cutler heard of this he told the government that he had hidden
the old statue and that he would sell it to them at a moderate price.
They agreed and the monument was put up again in the place
where it stands now.
WORDLIST
Trafalgar Square – Трафальгарская площадь
Nelson`sColumn – Колонна Нельсона
EnglishCivilWar - Гражданская война в Англии
NationalGallery – Национальная картинная галерея
The Statue of Charles I – СтатуяЧарльза I
Restoration - Реставрация
Text 7: The State Tretyakov Gallery
The building standing opposite the southern walls of the
Kremlin, beyond the Moskva River, was built at the beginning of
the 20th century from a design by the famous Russian artist Viktor
Vasnetsov, a connoisseur of old Moscow. It looks like an
illustration to an old Russian tale.
The façade is decorated with the ancient coat of arms of
Moscow. An inscription on both sides says.
«The Moscow city art gallery named after PavelMikhailovich
and Sergei MikhailovichTretyakov. Founded by P.M. Tretyakov
in 1856 and presented to Moscow in 1892, together with the
collection which S.M. Tretyakov had bequtathed to the city.»
PavelTretyakov, a
merchant by birth and
an outstanding patron
of
Russia
art,
dedicated 40 years of
his life to his main
calling
–
the
establishment of a
national art museum.
From the beginning
he sought to build up a
collection of realistic,
poetic paintings by Russian artists who loved their country.
Tretyakov purchased paintings that have become part of the
golden treasury of Russian art and are regarded as milestones in
its history. He supported many Russian painters and
commissioned numerous paintings. He was particularly fond of
Repin. Many of Repin’s paintings can be seen in the gallery,
including his masterpiece, «Ivan Grozny and His Son, Ivan».
Another giant of Russian art, Surikov, owed a great deal to
Tretyakov. His painting «The Execution of the Streltsi»,
«BoyarinyaMorozova» and other famous canvases hold pride of
place in the gallery.
Some people think that it is as beautiful and important as the
Art Theatre, the St. Basil’s Cathedral and everything that is best in
Moscow.
The gallery has tens of thousands of paintings, drawings,
sculptures and icons. Among the icons are some world-famous
masterpieces by Andrei Rublyov.
A new huge building for the gallery is on the bank of the
MoskvaRiver.
Wordlist
artist – художник
masterpiece – шедевр
bequeath – завещать
merchant – купец, торговец
beyond – по ту сторону
milestone – веха
calling – призвание
numerous – многочисленный
coatofarms – герб
outstandingpatron – выдающийся покровитель
collection – коллекция
owe (to) – быть обязанным
commission – заказывать
particularly – особенно
connoisseur – знаток
poetic – поэтический
dedicate – посвящать
purchase – покупать
establishment – создание
realistic – реалистичный
execution – казнь
regard – считаться
facade – фасад
seek – стремиться (к)
fromadesign – по эскизу
southern – южный
giant – титан
support – поддерживать, помогать
illustration – иллюстрация
tale – сказка
including – включая
treasury – сокровищница
inscription – надпись
Text 8: SightseeingoftheKremlin
Прочитайте
текст
и
достопримечательностях Кремля
расскажите
о
Let us travel about our capital. It is difficult to describe
Moscow in a few words. And it is very difficult to see all the
places of interest.
The first place the tourists go to in Moscow is the Kremlin.
One can’t
imagine
Moscow
without the
Kremlin,
which is the
heart of the
city.
The
Kremlin is
known for its splendid buildings, among which are many
wonderful cathedrals. You can also see there the Bell-Tower of
Ivan the Great, the Tsar Cannon and the Tsar Bell.
Thousands of people from all over the world visit Red Square.
Red Square is famous for St. Basil’s Cathedral and the Monument
to Mininand Pozharsky. This monument was erected in 1818 in
memory of the liberation of the Russian land from foreign
invaders.
AnotherfamousbuildingistheHistorical
Museum
Building.
Проверьте понимание текста, ответив на
следующие вопросы:
Выберите из текста ответы на следующие вопросы:
a) What is the Kremlin know for?
b) What places in Moscow do thousands of people usually
visit?
c) What monument was erected in Moscow in 1818 and
why?
Расскажите, что интересного вы узнали о Кремле.
Text 9: The Borodino Battle Panorama
Переведите текст с помощью словаря:
As one rides along Moscow’s Kutuzov Avenue one notices an
unusual round building rising above the trees of a park. This
building was erected as a museum to house a panorama of the
Borodino battle.
The structure is very impressive; it is nearly 30 metres high,
and is faced with glass, marble and ceramics. Some of the guns
used in the 1812 battle are installed around the building.
The most important part of this museum is its central hall
where the famous panorama of the Borodino battle painted by the
Russian artist F. Rubo is displayed. It is a huge canvas depicting
one of the decisive moments of the battle. It was painted before
the Great October Revolution, but there was no building then in
Moscow to house a canvas 115 metres long and 15 metres high.
Unit 3
ArchitectureandConstruction
Text 1: Impressions of modern architecture
Стили современной
архитектуры.
Прочитайте текст и
скажите, какие из
упомянутых в тексте
стилей типичны для
вашего города. Переведите
текст на русский язык.
The styles of modern
architecture are similar in most countries today. This is because
now architects have no opportunities they had in the past. They
are seldom asked to design buildings like wonderful churches and
cathedrals of the Middle Ages. Architects today have to design
schools, hospitals and huge
blocks of flatsand offices.
Boxes – that’s what a good
deal of modern architecture
reminds of. The blocks of flats
in our big towns are huge
boxes, whether the fronts and
sides are square or oblong.
Architects have done some very good deal work in designing
schools. Many of these are prefabricated, which means that as
much of the building work as possible is done not on the building
site, but in factories where mass production methods can be used.
The parts are taken to a site and put together there. The
classrooms are light and big, and children have a fine large
assembly hall. There is a dining-hall completed with modern
kitchen.
Many modern
buildings,
especially the
blocks of flats
and business
offices, look like
big boxes. They
do look like
boxes from the
outside, but when
we go inside, we
find them very well planned for their purposes. An architect today
has to be an engineer too. The best modern buildings help us to
live and work in comfort. They save plenty of unnecessary work.
You may know the work of the American architect Frank
Lloyd Wright. He designed the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. It was
designed to resist earthquakes and it proved so strong that it did. It
was one of the few buildings in Tokyo that did not fall in the
terrible earthquake of 1923.
Переведите предложения:
1. There is no need to say that all the buildings must be
strong and attractive.
2. Another tendency in the field of civil engineering was to
replace hard manual labour by machines.
3. To speed up the construction work, there is a growing
tendency to use prefabrication parts of buildings.
4. Engineers believe to raise tall buildings to 200 stories and
more.
5. The design of the Yaroslavsky station is known to be
based on the motifs of northern Russia folklore.
6. Concrete is one of the most important construction
materials.
7. New and cheap building materials are believed to replace
traditional stone and brick.
8. Steel, aluminum, glass and plastics are considered to be the
best materials.
9. We know them to have used arches in their buildings.
10. It is well known that most of the Moscow metro stations
are furnished with granite and marble.
Text 2: Moscow
From the History of Moscow
Moscow was founded in 1147 by the Prince of Suzdal, Jury
Dolgoruky. Its wise founder built it in the middle of a densely
populated country. It is protected by rivers and a fortress.
The city had and has now its significance and the leading role
in the development of the country. Moscow stands on seven hills.
The main is the Borovitsky hill on which the Kremlin stands.
Moscow’s
early
architecture
was simple but
expressive. The
larger part of
the city was
occupied
by
private houses
made of wood.
But such city’s
structures as fortress walls, bridges, churches and cathedrals were
made of brick and white stone decorated with ceramic. These
buildings crested Moscow’s architectural image of a city of white
stone.
A major feature of Moscow’s present development is the
establishment of the industries requiring highly-skilled labour, and
the branches producing high-quality apparatus, as well as the
develo
pment
of new
technol
ogies
and
knowhow.In
recent
years
the
populat
ion of
Mosco
w
reached 10 million.
Transport is a serious problem for all large cities of the world.
Moscow also has a transport problem. The most convenient means
of transport in Moscow is, the Metro. Besides it there are buses,
trolley-buses and trams.
Roads are another aspect of the transport problem. The city
authorities started to build new roads which are to link several city
districts between the Moscow Circular Highway and the
Sadovoye Ring Road.
So instead of the traditional monocentric system the city gets
polycentric planning according to which Moscow complex zones
are united by a system of general city centre.
The territory within Sadovoye Ring Road retains its
significance as a historical, cultural, educational and
administrative public centre, the seat of the Government and the
Parliament. All the valuable architectural monuments as well as
parks and old streets with their unique buildings will remain
untouched.
Moscow today is an enormous city whose infrastructure is
traditional for every megapolis with first-rate hotels, restaurants,
theatres, exhibition halls, shops and gigantic transport arteries.
Notes:
prince of Suzdal – князь суздальский
build (built) – строить
fortress – крепость
significance – важность
principle – главный
occupy– занимать
structure – сооружение
church– церковь
cathedral– собор
brick– кирпич
stone – камень
decorate – украшать
skilllabour – квалифицированные рабочие
quality– качество
convenientmeans – удобное средство
authority – власть
link– связывать
unite– объединять
seat– место
government – правительство
valuable– ценный
as well as – также
unique– уникальный
enormous – огромный
Pre-text exercises
1.Прочитайте следующие слова и догадайтесь об их
значении, не прибегая к помощи словаря.
roleinindustry
transport problem
the Kremlin
apparatus
traditional monocentric system
architecturetechnologies
polycentric
ceramicnow-how
architectural monument
image transport
administrative public centre
architectural image
infrastructure of megapolis
gigantic transport arteries
1.Переведите производные слова:
To found –основать – founder? - was founded?
Population – население – to populate - populated?
To express – выражать -expressive?
To establish – устанавливать -establishment?
To develop - development?
1.
Переведите предложения:
Participle II = Ved/V3, be + Participle II, Participle I = Ving, be
+ Ving
1. Moscow was founded in 1147.
2. It is protected (to protect - защищать) by rivers.
3. The city was occupied by private houses made of wood.
4. Fortress, bridges, churches and cathedrals were made of
the brick and white stone, decorated with ceramic.
5. According to polycentric planning Moscow complex zones
will be united by a system of general city centre.
6. Moscow has the leading role in the development of the
country.
7. A major feature of Moscow’s present development is the
establishment of the industries requiring (to require - требовать)
highly – skilled labour, and the branches producing high – quality
apparatus.
8. The city authorities started to build new road which are to
link several city districts.
After-text exercises
2.
Ответьте на вопросы:
1. When was Moscow founded?
2. Its position was very convenient, wasn’t it?
3. Why do people call (называют)Moscow «white stone
city»?
4. What is the major feature of the present – day Moscow?
5. What problems are there in Moscow?
6. What are the new ideas in Moscow planning?
5. Подберите окончания предложений:
1. Moscow was founded in …
2. Moscow was built in…
first –
rate hotels, restaurants,
theatres, exhibition halls, shops
and gigantic transport arteries.
the Metro.
an enormous city with
3. Moscow is protected by…
4. Moscow stands on…
populated
country.
high – quality apparatus.
the middle of a densely
5. Moscow was occupied by…
wood.
private houses made of
6. Fortress walls, bridges, churches
principle is the
seven hills, the
and cathedrals were made of… Borovitsky hill, where the
Kremlin stands.
7. Moscow industries produce…
decorated
with ceramics.
8. The most convenient means
of transport in Moscow is…
brick and white stone
Text 3: Moscow, theCapitalofRussia
Города всегда были центрами промышленности ,торговли ,
культуры и образования.
Москва, являясь столицей большого государства, играет
важную роль в жизни страны.
a)
Прочитайте текст и передайте содержание
по-русски. Проверьте, совпадают ли данные
утверждения с содержанием текста. Если нет
совпадения, исправьте утверждение в соответствии с
содержанием текста.
В соответствии с письменными источниками Москва была
основана в 1147 году князем Юрием Долгоруким и вскоре
стала столицей Россию. Крепости, мосты, церкви и соборы
были первыми памятниками русской архитектуры, на
которую оказала влияние западная архитектура в период
правления Екатерины Великой.
Масштабное строительство развернулось после пожара
Москвы в эпоху нашествия Наполеона.
В настоящее время развитие промышленности и рост
населения определяют дальнейшее развитие города.
Несмотря на развитие полицентричной системы города,
исторический центр сохраняет свое значение как
политический и культурный центр.
1. In the early 19th century the prominent Russian historian
NikolayKaramzin said: «If you want to know Russia, go to
Moscow». By the end of the 20th century we have every reason to
repeat these words.
It is the city where every stone breathes history.
Moscow was founded in 1147 by the Prince of Suzdal,
JuryDolgoruky. Although there were settlements on the site of
modern city long before 1147, this was the year when Moscow
was first mentioned in the written records. Moscow has the
priority right to be the capital of the Russia State. Its wise founder
built it in the middle of a densely populated country. It is
protected by rivers and a fortress. In the opinion of many
scientists the city will never lose its significance and the leading
role in the development of the country.
Moscow,
like ancient
Rome,
stands on
seven hills.
The
principle is
the
Borovitsky,
the hill on
which the
Kremlin
stands.
2. Moscow’s early architecture was simple but expressive. The
larger part of the city was occupied by private houses made of
wood. But such city’s structures as fortress walls, bridges,
churches and cathedrals were made of brick and white stone
decorated with ceramic. Eventually these buildings crested
Moscow’s architectural image of a city of white stone.
Large-scale stone construction was performed during the reign
of Catherine the Great. Several first-class foreign architects were
invited to build a number of architectural monuments in Western
style. Some of them have survived to our days and are carefully
preserved by the city authorities.
3. In 1812 during Napoleon’s invasion a terrible fire raged in
the city for several days. It was calculated that more than 7,000
buildings were destroyed and the city’s central area was
completely gone. This disaster, however, prompted a real housing
boom. Standard projects had to be used to facilitate rapid
restoration of the city and preserve the city’s architectural
uniformity. This task was successfully carried out. As a result a
great number of stone houses with much better facilities appeared
in the city. They were completely different from those of the
previous years.
As the time passed, the
city’s boundaries expanded
considerably. New dwelling
districts
and
industrial
enterprises were built on the
outskirts of the city.
4. A major feature of
Moscow’s
present
development
is
the
establishment
of
the
industries requiring highlyskilled labour, and the
branches producing highquality apparatus, as well as the development of new technologies
and know-how.
Alongside industrial development much attention is paid by the
city administration to the construction of cultural, educational
institutions and sports facilities.
5. In recent years the population of Moscow reached 10 million
and it is still growing. This resulted in large-scale migration of
people.
Muscovites
move
from
one district to
another, when
they get new
flats and for
other reasons.
All that calls
for
further
development
and
improvement
of the city’s
transport
services. Transport is a serious problem for all large cities of the
world. The capitals of major states are often unable to solve it.
Moscow also has a transport problem. The most convenient means
of transport in Moscow is, of course, the Metro. Besides it there
are buses, trolley-buses and trams. The total length of their routes
is constantly increasing. But nevertheless there is permanent need
for new and more comfortable means of transport.
6. Roads constitute another aspect of the transport problem.
Having reconstructed many of the existing streets and roads the
city authorizes started to build new roads which are to link several
city districts between the Moscow Circular Highway and the
Sadovoye Ring Road.
So
instead
of the
traditio
nal
monoc
entric
system
the city
gets
polyce
ntric
plannin
g
to
which
Moscow complex zones are united by a system of general city
centre.
7 .The territory within Sadovoye Ring Road will retain its
significance as a historical, cultural, educational and
administrative public centre, the seat of the Government and the
Parliament. All the valuable architectural monuments as well as
parks and old streets with their unique buildings will remain
untouched.
Moscow today is an enormous city whose infrastructure is
traditional for every megapolis with first-rate hotels, restaurants,
theatres, exhibition halls, shops and gigantic transport arteries. But
in sprit Moscow remains its old self, open, hospitable and festive,
and, consequently, has the right, as ever, to be called the heart of
Russia.
Задания к тексту:
1. Найдите в тексте и зачитайте предложения,
рассказывающие о современной планировке Москвы.
2. Переведите письменно высказывания русского
историка Николая Карамзина о Москве.
3. Переведите на русский язык абзац, в котором
рассказывается о нашествии Наполеона на Москву.
б) Скажите:
1.
Кем и когда были построены
сооружения? Подберите соответствующие факты.
The building
Builder/architect
эти
When
1) St. Basil’s Cathedral
1555 – 1562
Konstantin
Melnikov
2) The house at 15,
1927 -1929
Barma
and Postnik
Krivoarbatskypereulok
3) Radio Mast
1922
Vladimir
Shukhnov
2.
Прочитайте и перескажите.
1) St. Basil’s Cathedral is
the pride of the Russian people;
it has graced Red Square for
more than four centuries. It was
designed by the great architects
Barma and Postnik.
2) Vladimir Shukhov was
born on the 16th of August,
1863, not far from Kursk. In
1876 he graduated from one of
the most outstanding technical
schools in Russia. He was sent
on business to the World’s fair
celebrating the 100th anniversary
of the United States of America.
There he became acquainted with the engineer Bari.
In 1878 Bari organized in Russia an engineering firm. Since
1880 Shukhnov was the main engineer of the firm.
In November of 1989 at John Hopkins University in
Washington D.C. at the conference «Reconstruction of Russia»
(1880-1940) Shukhov was called «the Edison of Russia: a great
engineer».
3) Konstantin StepanovichMelnikov, an outstanding Russian
architect, was born in Moscow in 1890.
He was one of the authors of the project of Moscow
reconstruction. In 1920-1930 he designed new types of public
building: clubs, palaces. He designed the monument to
Christopher Columbus in Santo-Domingo. Melmikov’s house, the
house he owned, can still be seen in Krivoarbatskypereulok in
Moscow. All his buildings are famous for unusual architectural
decisions. It was a great and gifted master.
Along the Cities of the United States of America
Text 4: Washington – the Capital of the USA
The White House
The White House is the residence of the president of the United
States off America. It is situated in Washington. The White House
was the first public building which was built in the capital of the
USA. Its cornerstone was laid in 1792 nearly one year before George
Washington laid the cornerstone for the Capitol Building.
Architect James Hoban submitted plans for the building and
received a 500 dollar prize for his work.
In 1800 President John Adams and his wife moved into the
building. At the beginning of the 19th century it was a light-grey
structure made of sandstone. The construction of the building hadn’t
been completed by that time. There were almost no conveniences in
the house. There were no bathrooms and water was carried by hand
into the house from a spring which was five blocks away.
Work continued on the structure when Thomas Jefferson was
elected President. In 1814 the building caught on fire. The interior
was reduced to ashes, part f outer walls were destroyed and the
remaining walls were blackened. Later the building was
reconstructed in 1818. Its light-grey sandstone exterior was painted
white to cover the effects of fire. It has been white ever since. Some
people think it was from its white walls that the home of the
president of the USA got its name. Other people believe that it got its
name earlier, when it was still grey. Even then its grey sandstone
walls looked white next to the red brick walls of other public
buildings. Nevertheless the president’s home was officially named
the White House in 1902.
In designing a building, a bridge or any other structure the choice
of construction materials is of vital importance. There are some
structures in the world that got their names from the material they are
made of. The White House in Washington is one of them.
1. Проверьте понимание текста, ответив на следующие
вопросы:
1. When was the cornerstone of the White House layed?
2. What did the White House look like before the fire?
3. What happened to the building during the fire?
4. How was the building reconstructed after the fire
5. How did the White House get its name?
6. When was the President’s home named theWhite House
officially?
7. What do you thick of the architecture of this building?
2. Перескажите кратко текст
3. Ситуация: вы – гид, который ведет экскурсию к Белому
дому.
Расскажите историю постройки Белого дома.
Text 5: NewYork
SightseeingofNewYork
New York is a city
where all the languages
of the world are spoken
and where people live on
the ground, travel under
the ground and work in
the sky.
New York makes a
great impression on all
visitors because of its
many high buildings, its
theatres, museums and
hotels, its beautiful
bridges,
and
its
expensive shops with
their
fabulous
(баснословный) prices.
The first permanent white settlers (поселенцы) came to New
York from Holland in 1626. These Dutch settlers all of Manhattan
Island (остров)from the Indians for the equivalent of twenty-five
dollars, while today some of this land costs a million dollars an
acre. This island is the heart of the city.
It is on Manhattan Island that most of
the skyscrapers are located. This island
is connected by six long bridges, as well
as by tunnels and ferries (паром), with
the other four districts that constitute
New York City.
New York is the largest city in the
United States. Today there are more
people living in the New York City than
in Australia, Peru or Sweden.
For transportation New York depends(зависеть) mainly on
buses, the subway, taxis and ferries. The buses are slow because
of the crowded streets, whereas the subway train can go as fast as
trains, sometimes stopping only at the most important stations. We
may go all day by the subway for the same fare, if we only change
trains but do not go out of
the stations.
New York moves
vertically as well as
horizontally, taking its
people by elevator to their
offices on the fortieth,
sixtieth, and eightieth
floor.
New York is the
richest and the poorest,
the most modern and the
most old-fashioned
(старомодный) of cities. It is the home of expensive hotels and
cheap boarding houses, the home of symphonies and popular jazz,
of cathedrals (собор) and night clubs; the home of the famous
Metropolitan Opera and the Metropolitan Museum of the Art; the
home of most of the largest publishing houses (издательство) of
the United States and the biggest newspapers. On the Fifth
Avenue there are many expensive stores of international fame, but
around the corner one may find little shops where imitation
diamonds and cheap souvenirs are sold.
a)
Закончите предложения, выбрав вариант
ответа, соответствующий содержанию текста.
1.
The first permanent white settlers of New York
were:
1)
from France;
2)
from England;
3)
from Holland.
2.
The Manhattan Island is:
1)
in the centre of New York;
2)
in the suburbs (пригород) of New York;
3)
very far from New York.
3.
The Island is connected with other parts of New
York:
1)
by one long bridge;
2)
by six long bridges.
4.
The largest city in the USA is:
1)
Washington;
2)
Chicago;
3)
New York.
5.
The subway trains move:
1)
as fast as railroad trains;
2)
slower than railroad trains;
3)
faster than railroad trains.
Text 6: Rockefeller Centre
Everyone who visits New York City today wants to see
Rockefeller Centre. It is one of the most popular places of interest.
But what is Rockefeller Centre? Rockefeller Centre is really a
small city with thousands of offices, all kinds of stores, restaurants
and small shops. The buildings are very large, very high. The style
of the buildings is modern. There is little decoration. The
architects who planned them tried to do two things. First they tried
to make the buildings look like one group. Second they tried at the
same time to make each building a little different in from the
others.
There are many facts and stories Rockefeller Centre. Here is
one of them about John Rockefeller, who together with some
other companions began work on Rockefeller Centre in 1930. It
took about ten years to complete all of the original buildings.
One day he was walking along the street where the
construction had just begun. He wanted to see the work which was
going on. There was a high fence around the construction site. He
tried to look through the fence site. He tried to look through the
fence but could see nothing. Just then a policeman came along.
«Move along», said the policeman. «You can’t stand here.»
«I was just trying to watch the work», said Mr. Rockefeller.
«Move along», repeated the policeman.
«I am John Rockefeller», said Mr. Rockefeller.
«Sure, and I am President Roosevelt», said the policeman.
«Now move along, mister. And don’t give me any more trouble».
Mr. Rockefeller went to his office and gave an order to cut
holes in all the fences at the level of a man’s eyes. Today this is
the general custom in New York City. These holes are for the
convenience of anyone who wants to stop and watch the work as
long as he likes.
It’s interesting to know…
Нью-Йорк
Когда-то корпорации творили в Нью-Йорке все, что
хотели. Об этих временах напоминает здание штаб-квартиры
крупнейшей в США авиатранспортной корпорации «ПанАмерикэн», перегородившей самую широкую на Манхэттене
Парк-авеню. Лишь узким ручейком сквозь чрево небоскреба
просачиваются автомобили.
Это один из эпизодов биографии Нью-Йорка. А вот
основные ее вехи. В 1626 году голландские колонисты
купили остров Манхэттен у индейцев и основали первое
поселение, дав ему имя Новый Амстердам. Сделка была
уникально выгодная – 60 гульденов за весь остров. (Ныне
цена одного квадратного фута земли на Манхэттене в сотни
раз превышает эту сумму.) В 1664 году в ходе англоголландской
войны
гарнизон
Нового
Амстердама
капитулировал перед королевскими войсками, и вскоре
городу дано было имя Нью-Йорк. В 1785- 1790 годах НьюЙорк был временной столицей США. Здесь в 1789 году
Джордж Вашингтон был провозглашен первым президентом
страны.
Потеряв титул столицы, ньюйоркцы не предались унынию.
Благодаря удобному естественному порту и глубоководной
реке Гудзон стала процветать торговля. Приток иммигрантов
способствовал быстрому росту населения – значительная
часть переселенцев из Старого Света, добравшись до «земли
обетованной», оседала в Нью-Йорке. Дешевая рабочая сила
стала катализатором роста промышленности. Нью-Йорк
становился городом-космополитом. Стремясь сохранить
национальные обычаи, нравы, праздники, иммигранты
создавали свои территориальные общины – гетто. Но
потребности рынка определяли необходимость в общении, в
коммуникациях. Через Гудзон и Ист-ривер были
переброшены гигантские мосты. В 1883 году завершилось
строительство крупнейшего тогда из них – Бруклинского,
набирал силу финансовый капитал. Земля становилась все
дороже, город стал быстро расти вверх.
Нью-Йорк не заканчивается, а начинается великолепными
в своем ве-личии зданиями и монументами, архитектурными
ансамблями и центрами культуры, тесными площадями и
улочками. Все это еще не дает представления о том, как
бьется его пульс, мало что говорит о его темпераменте. Город
– прежде всего люди. Впервые попадавшему в оживленные
городские кварталы может показаться, что весь Нью-Йорк
живет на улице. Наверное, во времена великого
американского поэта Уолта Уитмена здесь не было
нынешнего столпотворения, но и он писал о ньюйоркцах, как
о «вечно спешащей, лихорадочной, наэлектризованной
толпе».
Каков же демографический портрет населения мегаполиса,
поражающей своей жизнерадостностью, оптимизмом,
несмотря на негативные стороны процесса урбанизации, на
высокую влажность и отравленный воздух? В пределах
городской черты проживают около 90 млн. человек, из
которых – 2,5 миллиона черных американцев, 2,0 миллиона
испаноговорящих, в основном выходцев из стран Латинской
Америки, около четверти миллиона лиц азиатского, главным
образом китайского, происхождения, 1,5 тысяч индейцев. С
1970 года город «потерял» около 600 тысяч жителей, а вот
население «Большого Нью-Йорка», города с пригородами,
выросло, составив 18 миллионов.
Причин, заставляющих многих жителей «изменять»
городу, немало. Это и дороговизна жилья, и высокие налоги,
установленные городскими властями и администрацией
штата,
и
рост
преступности,
и
неблагополучная
экологическая ситуация. И все же подавляющее большинство
ньюйоркцев остаются верными своему городу. Может быть,
потому, что здесь их дом, работа, друзья. Или потому, что
бешеный темп его жизни как нельзя лучше олицетворяет
сумасшедший ритм нашего века, созвучен с их собственными
биоритмами.
А теперь о «знаменитостях» города, без которых трудно
себе представить Нью-Йорк. Статуя Свободы, автор
монумента – французский скульптор Фредерик Огюст
Бартольди. Памятник был открыт 28 октября 1886 года. 225тонная Статуя Свободы возвышается на 91,3 метра над
уровнем моря. Статую Свободы, в голове которой свободно
помещаются 30 человек, а в факеле – 12, ежегодно посещают
примерно 2 миллиона туристов со всех концов света.
Ветераном среди знаменитостей Нью-Йорка по праву
считается фон-довая биржа, основанная в 1792 году. Но,
пожалуй, самой известной, хотя и очень грустной датой в ее
жизни стало 29 октября 1929 года. В этот «черный
понедельник» финансовый крах на бирже возвестил о начале
самого крупного в истории США экономического кризиса.
Дата
рождения
102-этажного,
381-метрового
«Эмпайрстейтбилдинг» - 1 мая 1931 года. Здесь снималось
более 150 кинофильмов. «Эмпайр» установил среди
высотных собратьев трагический рекорд – по числу людей,
решивших свести счеты с жизнью, бросившись вниз со
смотровой площадки, расположенной на 86-м этаже. В 1947
году на площадке было установлено металлическое
ограждение. Но рекорд пока держится.
GreatBritain
Text 7: London
Прочитайте текст и дайте письменные ответы на
вопросы, стоящие перед абзацем
1. What are the main parts
of London?
Thousands of visitors come to
Great Britain every year. Some
come on business, others simply
as tourists, but none misses the
opportunity to see the capital of
Great Britain.
London is grand and attractive.
It is certainly very old and full of
historic associations. It has strong
links with the past. Its old
customs and traditions have survived. They are a strange mixture
of past and present, of old-fashioned and very modern. London
consists of many parts and they are all very different from each
other. There is the West End and the East End, Westminster and
the City. The City is not only the centre of business, it is the
birthplace of London.
2.
What did the Romans do for the development of
London?
In 43 A. D. the Romans conquered Britain and for 400 years it
remained a Roman province. The Romans built long straight roads
along which the Roman soldiers marched. Many of them met at
the point where London bridge now stands. The Romans made
London, which they calledLondinium, a large and rich city with
good streets, beautiful palaces, shops and villas. Trade was
growing. A lot of goods:skins, copper and iron ore, silver and gold
were sent to Rome. And many strong blue-eyed boys were sent to
Rome, too, to be sold as slaves. In the 5th century the Romans left
Britain, but other invaders came to the British shores. They almost
ruined the city and it remained in this poor state for almost 400
years. Only in the 9th century the Saxon kings rebuilt the city.
They started the building of Westminster Abbey.
3.
How did the Norman influence Britain’s
civilization?
In 1066 came William the Duke of Normandy or William the
Conqueror who settled in London which became the capital of
Norman Britain. For 500 years the Normans were masters of
Britain. They brought with them Latin and French civilization, the
laws and the organization of the land. They did their best to make
the city beautiful. The Westminster Abbey was finished and
William was the first king to be crowned there. Since then, all
English kings have been crowned in the Abbey. At that time the
Tower of London was built on the Thames and it stands there still
unchanged. Commerce and trade grew very quickly, but the
population grew even faster. London became a busy, rich and
crowded city. The
old city looked
very picturesque
with its tall houses
of
wood
and
plaster and its
narrow streets.
4.
What were the consequences (последствия) of
two great tragedies that London suffered?
But then London suffered two awful tragedies, at first – the
Great Plague and then the Great Fire. In a few months nearly
100,000 people, that is 1/5th of the population died because of the
Plague. Sorrow and sadness sat upon every Londoner. And only
winter and its cold saved the city and the people.
The Great Fire happened through carelessness of a young baker
who left a small bundle of wood near a very hot oven. In a few
hours all the houses made of wood were burning like paper. This
fire destroyed 3000 houses and at least 97 churches. Fortunately,
the wind soon stopped and then heavy rain fell. Thus London was
saved.
5.
What is the City notable for?
Bit by bit London was being reconstructed until it has become
the city which is now one of the most beautiful and attractive
places of the word. The oldest part of it is the City which is the
business and financial centre of London. During the day it is full
of people, but at the end of the day businessmen, clerks and
secretaries go home and it becomes silent and almost empty.
Besides the City there are many other attractions such as
Trafalgar Square with the Nelson column in the centre, the
Houses of Parliament with the famous Big Ben, a lot of beautiful
parks and gardens among which is Hyde Park well known all over
the world.
Text 8: Barbican Centre
Barbican is a district of the City of London. It was greatly
destroyed by bombing during the Second World War. Great
construction has started since the end of the war. Nowadays
Barbican is one of the most beautiful districts of London. It is also
famous for the Barbican Centre.
The Barbican Centre is an enormous complex which contains
two theatres, an art gallery, a library, three cinemas, two
restaurants and two exhibition halls.
The building itself is very interesting. It is built on eight levels.
Four of these levels are underground. On the 5th level there is a
lake, decorated with 45 fountains, and air terrace where you can
have coffee. There are two resident companies who are now based
in the Barbican Centre. They are the London Symphony Orchestra
and the Royal Shakespeare Company. It is these two companies
which are providing a good part of the cultural programme for the
public. At the same time there is a variety of exhibitions, musical
and other entertainment.
Text 9: The Great Fire of London
Прочитайте текст и дайте краткий письменный
пересказ.
The London of the middle of the 17th century was a city of
narrow, dirty streets. Indeed, the streets were so narrow that it was
often possible for a person at a window on one side of the street to
shake hands with a neighbour on the other side. There was little
light and air. Rubbish lay piled up in dark corners. It is no wonder
that epidemics were common.
The greatest epidemic of the plague broke out in 1665. It was a
sad time for London. The streets were empty, shops were closed
and there were few boats on the Thames. Every house in which
there were sick people was shut up, and no one was allowed to go
in or out, and the door of the house was marked with a red cross.
The following year the Great Fire took place. It broke out late
on a Saturday night in a street not far from London Bridge. The
summer was dry, a hot east wind blew and the fire spread quickly.
This is what we read in the diary of John Evelyn, who saw the
terrible fire with his own eyes.” The Thames was covered with
boats full of people. On the other side one could see carts carrying
out the saved goods out into the fields and people putting up tents.
At night the fire could be seen ten miles away.”
The fire burned for five days and destroyed the greater part of
the city. But it did the city good, as it cleared away the old
wooden houses and dirty, narrow streets.
A monument near London Bridge still marks the spot where
the fire broke out. Sir Christopher Wren, the famous architect of
that day, took part in rebuilding the city. The greater part of it was
made of wood, but after the fire wider streets and brick houses
were built. The old church of St. Paul was among the buildings
destroyed by the fire. In its place Wren built the present St. Paul`s
Cathedral. He lies buried under the roof of his own great work.
These words are written on his grave : “Reader, if you want to see
his monument, look around.”
Grammarexercises
1.Прочитайте текст и выпишите из текста перевод
следующих словосочетаний:
там было мало света и воздуха; это было печальное время
для Лондона; улицы были пусты; пожар был виден за десять
миль от города; известный в те дни архитектор; он лежит под
крышей своего собственного творения.
2. Вставьте в предложенияследующиеслова: youth, war,
among, peace, celebrate, anniversary, competition, scientist,
success, honour, progress :
1. Oleg has many friends . . . the classmates. 2. The film was a .
. . , all the villagers saw it. 3. Ann is going to . . . . her birthday
next Saturday. 4. We all took part in swimming . . . . 5. On April
23rd English people . . . the . . . of Shakespeare`s birth.6.We have
had two world . . . in this century. 7. The peoples of our country
want to live in . . . with other countries. 8. The Russian . . . take
part in international festivals. 9. Newton is a great English . . . .
10. The teacher of English was pleased with the . . . of the pupils.
3.Подберите антонимы к следующим словам:
Finish, thin, forget, peace, buy, early, remember, war, thick,
sell, late, start.
Text 10: BritishHouses
Переведите текст по специальности:
Most houses in Britain are still built with bricks but house
building is very much more mechanized that it used to be.
Contemporary bricklayers,
plasters, tillers, glaziers,
painters, electricians and
plumbers use modern
techniques, and work with
new kinds of materials and
standardized components.
The unit-construction of
blocks of flats, using large
prefabricated concrete
panels, is not yet widespread in Britain, however.
The outer walls of most houses and ever many blocks of flats
are built of brick; stone and wood are used chiefly for decorative
purposes. The facades of houses and flats are mostly not cement –
rendered, or, if they are, only partly.
Some flats and the great majority of houses – even those being
built today – are heated wholly or partly by means of open
fireplaces, in which large amounts of coal are burnt. The open
coal – fire is not a very efficient way of heating a house, and it is
hardly surprising to find that British people employ a wide variety
of auxiliary heaters, such as electric fires, space heaters, and night
storage heaters. As a rule British bedrooms remain unheated, and
in winter are notoriously cold. For this reason hot – water bottles
and electric blankets are standard equipment in most homes. 25
years ago central heating was virtually unknown in ordinary
dwelling houses, but today it is becoming more common.
Grammarexercises
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на перевод Participle 1.
1. The framework is intended for safety carrying the loads
imposed.
2. Having taken into account aerodynamic stability engineers
started to erect economic and graceful bridges.
3. When observing the physical structure we are struck by the
complexity of elements.
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на перевод Participle 2.
1. Parts of a building made at the plant are called prefabricated
parts.
2. The coarse stones used in the mixture give the concrete its
strength.
Text 11: FlatsintheClouds
Переведите текст по специальности:
Blocks of “
high rise” flats
have
been
erected in large
numbers
in
London and in
many other big
cities. Just after
the
Second
World
War
there immense
twenty – to –
thirty storeys
building,
hundreds
of
feet in height
were thought to
be the ideal
solution to the
dual problem of acute housing shortage and lack of space in urban
areas. At first, the ultra – modern apartments were must sought
after by city – dwellers, and hundreds of the vast blocks had been
built before anyone began to doubt that they were suitable places
for people, children especially, to live in. A well known British
architect, who personally designed many of these buildings, now
believes that they may well have inflicted a great deal of suffering
on those people who have been housed in them, and evidence has
been amassed by sociologists which suggests that sever loneliness
and deep depression are brought about by life within these great
towers. Some psychologists even maintain that unduly large
proportion of their inhabitants suffer from mental disorders and
develop criminal tendencies. As a result of the recent studies,
plans for new high – rise brocks are being scrapped. They are
going to be replaced by so – called “ low – rise” blocks, at most
six – storeys high.
Grammarexercises
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на перевод Participle.
1. When making the design of a town we should bear in mind
future development.
2. An estimate depending upon the design of the building must
be calculated after which work on the building can start.
3. We know that the main reason of the Tacoma Bridge failure
was its extreme flexibility, resulting from aerodynamic instability.
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на перевод Participle 1.
1. Later, people found out that bricks made of mud and dried in
the hot sunshine became almost as hard as stone.
2. When mixed with water and sand, clay is molded into bricks,
which are then dried and baked.
3. Frequently, the conditioning air systems installed in office
building provide control during winter and summer.
III. Перепишите и
обращая внимание на
причастного оборота.
переведите
перевод
предложения,
независимого
1. The larger building has an area of 300 m and the smaller –
250 m, width being the same for both.
2. The bricks having been dried in the sun, they put up four
walls, and above these they placed a flat roof.
3. The buildings are similar in outward appearance, the
difference in size being due to the needs of the Signal and
Telecommunication Department for more or less space.
Text 12: BritishHomes
Переведите текст по специальности:
The
majority of the
British
population live
in small houses
built close
together. A
typical house
of this kind is
built with two
floors.
The
front
door, which faces the street, opens into a hall with two rooms, one
on each side of the hall. One of them is the dining – room; the
other may be called the sitting – room or the living – room. The
most modern name for this room is the lounge.
The rooms upstairs are bedrooms; they are often very small.
Often the dining – room is the most comfortable room in the
house, and the one that is used all the time. The other members of
the family bring their hobbies and games to the table. But when
the television set is turned on, no one can do anything in the
dining – room.
Very many houses of this type were built in British cities in the
19th and early 20th centuries. Today the land on which they stand
has become very valuable and the owners either sell it or pull
down the old houses and build large blocks of flats. In this way
the owners make more money.
Exercises
1.Выпишите из текста ответы на следующие вопросы:
a) Where do the majority of the British population live in? b)
What are the other names of the room called “ lounge”? c) When
were many British houses built?
2.Кратко расскажите, что вы узнали об английском
жилом доме.
Text 13: Ottawa – Canada`s Capital City
Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It is located on the
southern bank of the Ottawa River. Many interesting historical
and cultural building are found in Ottawa, such as the Museum of
Natural History, Museum of Man, National Gallery and the
National Arts Centre. However, the most important buildings in
Ottawa are the Parliament Buildings. Here the Canadian federal
government discusses and makes laws for Canada. Red stripes and
a red maple leaf on a white-the state flag of Canada- is always
above the buildings when the Parliament is in session.
Ottawa has been called the Tulip City, because every spring the
city comes alive with thousands of tulips from the Netherlands.
Queen Juliana started sending 15,000 tulips a year to Ottawa in
1946 as a way of thanking the Canadian people for the time she
spent in Canada with her daughters during World War II.
Juliana stayed in Ottawa with her family from 1940 to 1945
after the Netherlands was invaded by the fascist Germany.
Discussion.I all cities of the world there are some very old
buildings. Sooner or later they have to be pulled down or
reconstructed. In Moscow and St. Petersburg and other towns
some parts of the old town are reconstructed and carefully
preserved. In some others all old buildings are pulled down and
modern comfortable structures of concrete and glass are being
built. In Warsaw, for example, many buildings destroyed during
the World War II were reconstructed and now they look as they
did before the war. Do you thing it is necessary to reconstruct old
buildings or pull them down?
Прочитайте список утверждений «за» и «против» и
обсудите каждый, затем выскажите окончательное
решение.
Is it necessary to reconstruct old buildings?
Pros (for)Cons (against)
1. Old buildings are historic monuments.
buildings are not comfortable,
they have no necessary conveniences.
1. Old
2. It is much cheaper to reconstruct old
process of reconstruction takes
buildings than to build new ones.
and needs qualified
workers.
2. The
3. The architecture of old buildings is much
place to build new
more beautiful than that of modern buildings.
a lot of time
3. There is no
houses.
Unit 4
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF BIG CITIES
Text 1: Air pollution and smog
are the problems of modern cities
Of the greatest problems of all
modern cities is the environmental
pollution. The word smog comes
from smoke and fog. Smog is a sort
of fog mixed with other substances.
Smog has been here a long time.
Billions of years ago, volcanoes sent
millions of tons of ash and smoke
into the air. Winds whipped up dust
clouds. Animal and vegetable matter
decayed, adding polluting gases.
When people came along, they
began to produce their own kind of
air pollution. They discovered fire. In
the Middle Ages people in cities such as London used soft coal to
heat their homes. The smoke from these fires, combined with
moisture in the air, produced dense layers of smog. The smog
would blanket the city for days, particularly in winter. The heat
generated in large cities tends to circulate air within a dome-like
shape. This traps the smog and holds it over the city.
Smog, and the chemicals and other substances in it, can be
harmful, even deadly. Smog blurs vision. It irritates the eyes, the
throat, and the lungs. Eyes water, throats get sore, people cough.
Smog can make people ill. And it can make sick people sicker.
Air pollution has been linked to eczema, asthma, emphysema,
cardiovascular difficulties, and lung and stomach cancer. It also
has a harmful effect on the environment. Food crops and animals
suffer. Paint may peel from houses. It is obvious that we must do
everything possible to reduce man-made atmospheric pollutants
and smog.
Smog, along with smoke, is the most visible evidence of
atmospheric pollution. But some atmospheric pollution is not
visible and may not become visible until it is mixed with
moisture. Lead compounds from leaded gasoline, hydrocarbons
(unburned gasoline), carbon monoxide, and other gases may
pollute the air without being seen. All air is polluted to some
extent. That is, all air carries have some polluting substances.
Much of it is natural: smoke and ash from volcanoes, dust stirred
up by the wind, compound given off by rotting animal and
vegetable matter, salt particles from the oceans, and so on. Man
adds to these pollutants by burning coal, oil gas, gasoline and
many other things.
Text 2: The Role of Automobile in Air Pollution
Before we get to the automobile, however, let us review what
we know about combustion. Most fuels, such as coal, gasoline,
and wood, contain hydrogen and carbon in various chemical
combinations. During combustion, oxygen unites with the
hydrogen and carbon to form water (H2O), carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2).
In addition, many fuels contain sulfur, this burns to produce
sulfur oxides. Also, in the heat of combustion, some of the
nitrogen in the air combines with oxygen to from nitrogen oxides
(NOx). Some of the fuel may not burn completely, so that smoke
and ash are formed. Smoke is simply particles of unburned fuel
and soot, called particulates, mixed with air.
Altogether, it is estimated that 200 million tons of man-made
pollutants enter the air every year in the United States alone. This
is about a ton for every man, woman, and child in the country!
This man-made pollution is what clean-air laws are aimed at.
Text 3: Ecological Problems of Los Angeles
Consider Los Angeles, a large city set in a basin, with about
7,000,000 inhabitants. It is surrounded on three sides by
mountains, and on the fourth by the Pacific Ocean. When the wind
blows out over the ocean, it sweeps away pollutants. But at other
times, the air is stagnant. Smoke and other pollutants from
industry and automobiles do not blow away. They just build up
into a thick, smelly, foggy layer of smog. The location of Los
Angeles, plus all the people and industry there, make it one the
biggest «smog centers» in the country. And it is Los Angeles
which has led in measures to reduce smog.
Los Angeles has banned unrestricted burning, for example,
burning trash. Incinerators without pollution controls were
outlawed. Industry was forced to change combustion processes
and add controls to reduce pollutants coming from their chimneys.
Laws were passed that required the addition of emission controls
on automobiles. All these measures have significantly reduced
atmospheric pollution in the Los Angeles area.
If not controlled, the automobile can give off pollutants from
four places. Pollutants can come from the fuel tank, the
carburetor, the crank-case, and the tail pipe. Pollutants from the
fuel tank and carburetor consist of gasoline vapors. Pollutants
from the crankcase consist of partly burned air-fuel mixture that
has blown by the piston rings. Pollutants from the tail pipe consist
of partly burned gasoline (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen
oxide (NOx), and – if there is sulfur in the gasoline – sulfur oxides
(SOx).
Задания к тексту:
a) Прочитайте все 3 текста и скажите о чем в них
идет речь:
1.
In this text we consider the atmospheric pollution,
the formation of smog, and the automobile’s role in air
pollution.
2.
In this text we look at burning coal, oil, gas,
gasoline as main pollutants of the atmosphere.
3.
In this text we look at man-made pollutants as the
main factors of atmospheric pollution
4.
b) Кратко изложите содержание текста порусски
Text 4: Ecological Problems of Big Cities.
Экологические проблемы больших городов.
Pre-text exercises
I.Изучите лексику к теме:
environment
to run
dirty
pollution
dust
acid rain
nature
to protect
plant
dangerous
to take care of
to plant
chemical
clean
to pollute
pure
ruination
to cause
to throw out
waste
II.Дискуссия на тему «Protection of nature»
1. Why do people worry about ecological situation on our
planet?(need of energy, pollution of air, ground, water, ruination
of the ozone layer appearance of new diseases).
2. What are the most dangerous substances (вещества) for man
and living beings? (human waste, waste from plants, factories and
power-stations, pesticides and chemicals, oil from tankers, acid
rains).
3. What measures must be taken by all of us not to ruin balance
between man and nature (not to throw dust in rivers, in forest, be
careful in the forest, not to kill birds and animals).
4. Where do you feel (чувствовать) better: in the forest or in
town? Why? (can breathe fresh air, enjoy green trees and flowers,
listen to birds twitter and murmur of leaves).
III. Чтение
Задание 1.
Прочитайте газетные статьи и выпишите из них
предложения для
обсуждения следующих положений:
а) почему опасно жить в мегаполисах;
б) что загрязняет воздух в больших городах и какие меры
должны предпринять власти, чтобы остановить растущее
загрязнение;
в) какие меры предпринимаются, чтобы уменьшить расход
чистой воды для промышленного потребления.
Ecological problems of big cities
Text 1.
There are 150 super cities in the word with population from
one to 15 million people and more. Tokyo, New York, London,
Mexico, Rio de Janeiro are just a few cities which have grown
into giant urban agglomerations. People in the super cities
complain more often about bad water and bad air, noise and
absence of greenery. A new term – urban climate – was born in
the monster cities. It means higher temperatures, oppressive
atmosphere, intensive precipitation and smog. Some Western
experts claim that it is practically impossible to protect big cities
from pollution. But are they right?
Notes: giant-гигантский, urban-городской, complainжаловаться, noise-шум, greenery-зелень, monster-огромный,
precipitation-испарение, claim-приходить к выводу.
Text: 2.
There are also 230 rather large cities with a population between
100,000 to one million. So the problem of an ecologically
balanced urban environment is becoming extremely topical.
Keeping the air and water clean is not enough to make all cities in
the country a good place to live in. Cities must be build in a way
that people and natural environment co-exist in perfect harmony
with nature.
Public transport should be switched over to electrically driven
vehicles or moved underground. Fountains and artificial lakes in
the center of big cities create a pleasant microclimate in the city.
Notes: extremely-особенно, чрезвычайно, build-строить, in a
way-таким образом, co-exist-сосуществовать, should be
switched over-должен быть переведен, vehicles-средства
передвижения, artificial-искусственный, create-создавать.
Text: 3
«Moscow and Moscovites»
Measure to keep Moscow’s air clean is an important
component of the ecological program. The question is tackled
from many angles simultaneously. Today practically all city
factories have gas washers and dust traps, which prevent toxic
substances from getting into the air. Auto-exhaust pollution
control is done in different ways, including rigid technical
specifications, partial use of gas, an ecologically pure fuel and the
wide introduction of exhaust control devices. Moscow has almost
30.000 hectares of lush greenery which helps keep the air clean.
Notes: is tackled from many angles simultaneouslyрассматривается со всех точек зрения одновременно, preventпредотвращать, gas washers and dust traps-газоочистители и
пылеуловители, auto-exhaust pollution control-контроль за
загрязнением окружающей среды, rigid-строгие, fuel-горючее,
introduction-введение, lush-пышный.
Text: 4
«High ozone concentration in London»
Photo-chemical smog measurements in London showed ozone
concentration higher than 100parts per billion. There is evidence
that the pollution is spreading from London into countryside.
Ozone can be formed by sunlight from oxygen under certain
conditions. But high concentrations are usually the result of
sunlight breaking down nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Both
these components are put into the air by automobiles.
Notes: measurements-измерения, higher-выше чем, evidenceясно,
очевидно,
spreading-распространяется,
sunlight-
солнечный свет, oxygen-кислород,
breaking-преломляет,
разрушает, oxides-окись азота, hydrocarbons-углеводород.
Text: 5.
Every day Moscow consumes about 6 million cubic metres of
water. This amounts to about 700 litres per capita.
As far as bacteriological standards are concerned Moscow
water is ozonized and tastes like pure spring water.
What do Moscow factories consume? Most Moscow factories
now have a water technology employing used water. But to
replenish the stock fresh water is still being consumed.
Notes:
consumes-потребляют, capita-составляет…на
человека, concerned-касается, employing used waterприменяющую использованную водуreplenish the stock-чтобы
пополнить запасы.
After-text exercises
Задание 2.
a) Say what pollutes the air in big cities and measures which
must be taken by authorities to prevent the growing pollution.
b) Say why it is dangerous nowadays to live in super cities.
c) Say what new technologies are used in big cities for
industrial consumption of water.
d) Draw the conclusion. Сделайтевывод.
Задание 3.
Расскажите об экологических проблемах вашего
города.
Use the following words:
Coal-Preparation plant – обогатительная фабрика
theNeryungri coal field – Нерюнгринский угольный разрез
machinery – механизмы, техника
crater – кратер
mutilated soil – разрушенная почва
Задание 4.
Посмотрите на картинку и скажите, какие
экологические ошибки допустил архитектор при
планировке данного микрорайона города.
living space=houses, blocks of flats
work space=factories, plants
recreation space=stadiums, sports-grounds
wildlife space=forest, parks, animals
Задание 5.
Переведите на английский язык:
Природные комплексы Южной Якутии находятся в особо
сложных климатических условиях. Они легко поддаются
разрушению и особенно чувствительны к воздействию
человека.
Леса растут здесь крайне медленно. Кедровый стланик,
заросли которого покрывают горные склоны, почти не
возобновляется после пожаров.
Огонь – один из самых страшных врагов природы. Ресурсы
живого мира в регионе довольно ограничены. Охота и
рыболовство, как и всякий спорт, благородна, и для
настоящего охотника и рыболова и недопустимы
безжалостные способы лова и добычи.
Природа – великое богатство нашей Родины, и нам
хранить и преумножать ее богатства и красоту.
Unit 5
THEARTOFBUILDING
Text 1: What We Demand of Modern Architecture
Переведите текст по специальности:
Apart
from
professional skill, an
architect must have
an
extensive
knowledge of all
spheres
of
the
cultural life of the
people. He must
know all kinds of
building materials
and technology provided by the building industry of today.
Modern building technologies offer perlite – concrete blocks.
Perlite is an excellent building material, which is especially
valuable as a thermo – insulating filter. It is obtained chiefly from
natural rock. It can also be used in house construction.
With glass and ferro – concrete as their construction materials
and with modern synthetic materials at their disposal for interior
decoration, architects and construction workers have to erect
structures which must represent a harmonious blend of national
and modern style. Architects and building workers realize that the
fruits of their labour will serve not only the present generations
but future ones as well, and that their talent and creative skills will
have to develop the progressive architecture of society.
Exercises
1. Поставьтеглаголы в скобках в Present Passive или в
Perfect Passive
1. Many new stadiums (to build) in our country lately. 2. New
methods of building (to develop) by Russian engineers. 3. This
book (to return) already to the library by me. 4. The old houses
(to replace) by new buildings. 5. This paper (to receive) today.
2. Ответьтенаследующиевопросы:
1. Have all kinds of labour – saving devices been used before?
2. Has the art of building been changed greatly in the last few
years? 3. What new materials have been used in modern
construction lately? 4. How have our modern houses been made
more comfortable?
3. Заменитеслова в скобкахнаанглийскиеэквиваленты:
sources, art, modern, architecture, major, freezing, devices,
conditioning, labour, labour-saving devices, flat, building
materials, served to defend.
1. There are different styles in (архитектуре). 2. The use of
prefabricated panels has brought great changes in the (искусстве)
of building. 3. New (источники) of power have been discovered
in the 20th century. 4. Power and heat are the (главный) factors in
(современный) industry. 5. (кондиционирование воздуха) is
used for the processing of materials in industry and for human
comfort. 6. The chemical gas freon is used in (замораживании).
7. The roof of that new building is (плоская). 8. By using these
new (приспособления) we can save much (труда). 9. Now we
are living in the age of machinery, of scientific (достижений), of
the discovery of new (источников) of power and new materials.
10. Man`s earliest structures (служили для того, чтобы
защищать) him from the weather and from wild animals. 11. All
kinds of (строительных материалов) are used in (современной)
architecture. 12. What (приспособления, дающие экономию в
труде) haveappearedrecently?
Grammarexercises
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на перевод Participle 1.
1. Speaking of residential construction we must say that the
apartment houses are mostly built to suit urban conditions.
2. Natural stone is used for footing and foundations for external
walls carrying the load.
3. Being brittle concrete can`t withstand tensile stresses, and it
can`t therefore be used in structures subjected to tensile stresses
under load.
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на перевод Participle 2.
1. The design adopted for the new bridge simplified the
fabrication of steelwork.
2. Large – panel construction consists of reinforced concrete
panels one or two storeys high, sometimes made of light – weight
insulating concrete.
3. When reconstructed the station looked more beautiful than
before.
III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая
внимание на перевод независимого причастного оборота.
1. The ancient houses being built without cement, the remains
of only a few of them still exist.
2. The Conference building contains a wide range of facilities:
three large council chambers, each containing about 400 public
and 120 press seats.
3. The country was rich in hard and durable ( прочный ) stone,
but poor in timber and metal, the main material used for
construction being granite.
Text 2: The House
Man has always been a builder. The kind of house he built
depended upon the climate, upon his enemies, and upon the
building materials at hand. The first houses in many parts of the
world were made of wood, for in those days the greater part of the
earth was covered with forests. Man tied together the tops of
several trees and covered them with the skins of animals or with
leaves and grass. So a tent or hut was the first house of the
primitive people.
In other regions the most convenient building material was
stone. Man began building houses out of stone very long ago.
Although they were built without cement, the remains of a few of
them still exist.
It appears that the most ancient homes on the territory of
Russia were earthen houses. One such home was discovered near
Voronezh in 1927. It consisted of a shallow hole of oval shape.
The floor was covered with limestone slabs. The roof was conical
and stood on poles covered with branches or animal skins. Such
dwellings existed in that part of the country in the Upper
Paleolithic Period(from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago).
The ancient Egyptians built very simple houses, by present
standards. Having dried the bricks in the sun, they put up four
walls, and above these they placed a flat roof. The roof was flat
because there was very little rain in Egypt. Although their
buildings were simple in construction, the Egyptian art of building
was very beautiful. Their pyramids and monuments, sphynxes and
palaces arose our admiration to this day. An important part in the
history of building has been played by the column, and it was
ancient Egypt that gave the world its first lesson in the art of
making columns.
The Greeks learned much from Egypt. But they did not borrow
the flat roof. They built a slanting roof because there was much
rain in their country. The Greeks made the roof slant in two
directions from the middle. They also improved on Egypt’ s
columns and soon became the teachers of the world in column
making.
The Romans, in turn,
learned much from the
Greeks. First of all they
borrowed the slanting
roof and the columns. But
they added the arch, thus
adding much strength and
beauty to their buildings.
In Ancient Russia architecture
flourished for the first time in Kiev
Russ. Unfortunately only a few of the
church buildings of that period have
remained, among them the famous
Cathedral of St Sophia , the Pechenegs.
The churches of that time were strong
buildings with thick walls and small
windows. They often served as fortress
against enemy invasions.
In the Middle Ages in Europe numerous wars between
different nations caused great damages to the houses of crowded
Medieval towns. Therefore many monarchs and nobles built
castles as a form ofdefence. Those castles had very strong walls,
narrow windows and projecting fortifications.
The Renaissance, which was a European movement, lasted
from the 14th up to 17th century. During this period, arts and
sciences underwent great changes. In architecture these changes
were marked by a return to classical forms and proportions of
Roman buildings.
Buildings of the 19th century are characterized by the use of
new materials and by a diversity of architectural styles. From the
end of the 18th century iron and steel became widely used as
alternatives of wood, for by this time many countries experienced
shortage of this material. Later, the Industrial Revolutionbrought
mass-production of building parts which were manufactured at a
factory and then simply assembled at a site.
The 20th century is notable for widespread use of steelreinforced concrete. Huge reinforced units manufactured in heated
factory premises are brought to the site which becomes
something like an assembly shop. This technique has many
advantages over other building methods. First of all it cuts the
labourneeded for building by 60-70 per centand extends the
building season what is very important for the countries where
winter lasts for many months. Furthermore, the duration of
building is greatly cut. All this makes the building process less
expensive and less much labourous. Architecture of the 20th
century is characterized by very high buildings-particularly
skyscrapers-and by great diversity of styles which completely
differ from those of the past.
Text 3: The Artof Building
Прочитайте текст, найдите значения выделенных слов
в словаре.
Man’s earliest
structures protected him
from the weather, from
wild animals or from the
attacks of other men.
Since that time the art
of building has changed
greatly, but its main
object remains
protection. Now we are
living in the age of
machinery, of scientific achievements, of the discovery of new
sourcesof power and new materials.
The three main materials
are concrete, together with
ferro– concrete (or
reinforced concrete), steel
and new kinds of glass.
Constructions that were not
possible before can now
bepermitted with the help of
these new materials.
Modern architecture is
mainly the architecture of
steel and concrete. The outer walls and the roof have lost their
old importance. They are no longer structural. In the modern
building it is the floor and its supports that are structural. The
use of a steel framework has made it possible to construct tall
buildings.
The walls which no longer have to support the structure, can
be of any kind of material. It is possible to build a factory in
which the walls are made of any shape we like. The roofs may be
flat. Changes in the interiors of building have also been made.
Electric light, centralheating, air – conditioning and
refrigeration and all kinds of labour –saving devices have been
installed. And our modern homes have become much more
comfortable that the homes of the past.
Text 4: HousingConstruction
Прочитайте следующую информацию о жилищной
ситуации в нашей стране
People get apartments for an unlimited period of time. The size
of
an
apartment
depends on the size
of a family.
The
standard
amount of housing
space is 21 square
metres per person.
The housing commission decide who is to get the apartment
first. As a rule, families with less than 5 square m of housing
space per family member get the new apartment first. A family of
three has the right to receive a two-room apartment, a family of
four – a three-room apartment, and a family of five – a four-room
apartment.
Every month people have to pay their rent and utility bills – for
gas, electricity, telephone service, running water, central heating.
Some 30 per cent of the population have more housing space
than average level. And about the same number of people live in
apartments with housing space below average.
Some ten million people live in shared apartments. One out of
every four unmarried adults lives in a
hostel or rents a room from a private
owner.
Not long ago the government decided
to sell state-owned flats to citizens as
personal property. After a citizen buy a
flat, he may sell it or give it as a gift: but
no one may own more than one flat at a
time.
Many people prefer to buy apartments or to build individual
houses. Do you know how to build a house? Some preparations
have to be made before one starts building a house. The architect
in cooperation with the future owner draws up a plan. They bear
the following in the mind: the size of the site, the purpose of the
building, how the rooms are going to be furnished, what materials
are to be used and how much money can be spent.
The supervisor plans and controls the various activities of the
workers who build the house. The supervisor also sees to it that
the materials are at the site when needed.
The following craftsmen are active when building is under
construction:
bricklayers,
plumbers,
carpenters,
heating-
mechanics, electricians, painters, paper-hangers and plasterers.
What is needed before you can start building? Firstly, one
looks into the finances. Secondly, one finds a suitable buildingsite. In the third place, you need a building-permit. In the fourth
place, you find the workers and get building materials: bricks,
wood, glass, cement, lead, paint, wall-paper, insulation materials
so on.
Pre-textexercises
1. Изучите слова к тексту:
apartment - квартира
sharedapartment – коммунальная квартира
amount - количество
housingspace – жилая площадь
utilitybill – счет для оплаты коммунальных услуг
runningwater - водопровод
centralheating – центральное отопление
average - средний
hostel - общежитие
privateowner – частный собственник
citizen – гражданин
personalproperty – личная собственность
supervisor – руководитель
activities – деятельность
craftsman – мастер
bricklayer – каменщик
carpenter – плотник
heating-mechanic – механик отопительной системы
electrician – электрик
painter – маляр
paper-hanger – обойщик
plasterer – штукатур
building-permit – разрешение на строительство
brick – кирпич
wood – дерево
glass – стекло
lead – свинец
paint – краска
wall-paper – обои
insulation – изоляция
to depend ( on) – зависеть ( от)
toreceive – получать
torent – снимать ( квартиру), арендовать
toown – владеть, быть владельцем
tobuy – покупать
todrawup – составлять ( план)
tobearinmind – помнить
tobefurnished – бытьобставленным ( мебелью)
tospend ( spent) – тратить ( деньги)
toseetosmth – проследить за чем-либо
to be under construction – строиться
to look into smth – зд. подуматьо
suitable – подходящий
2. Найдите в тексте и выпишите следующие
предложения:
1. В России существует государственное строительство
жилья, кооперативное и индивидуальное.
2. Норма (стандартное количество) жилой площади в
стране составляет 21 кв. м на человека.
3. Есть (имеются) люди (30% населения), имеющие больше
жилой площади, чем позволяет средняя норма.
4. И есть люди (30% населения), которые имеют жилую
площадь меньше средней нормы.
After-textsection
3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя текст:
1) Do people get the apartments for an unlimited period of
time?
2) Does the size of an apartment depend on the size of the
family?
3) The standard amount of housing space is 21 square metres
per person, isn’t it?
4) The housing commissions decide who is to get the apartment
first, don’n they?
5) Who gets the new apartment first?
6) What are the rights of a family of three ( four, five)
members?
7) Do people pay their rent and utility bills every week or every
month?
8) How many per cent of the population have more housing
space than average level and how many have less?
9) Do ten or twenty million people live in shared apartments?
10) Where does one out of every four unmarried adults live?
11) May a citizen buy a state-owned flat?Onwhatconditions?
4. Расскажите о жилищной ситуации в России
5. Ситуация: ваш друг хочет построить дом для своей
семьи. Дайте ему несколько советов, например, что нужно
сделать сначала до того, как приступить к строительству;
какие материалы необходимы для строительства и каких
специалистов необходимо привлечь к строительству?
It’s interesting to know…
Американский дом
Америку не воспринимают иначе как страну небоскребов и
монополий. Действительно, первое, что бросается в глаза –
громады из светлого бетона и темного стекла в деловых
квартирах. Однако основа промышленности средне и мелкие
фирмы, сельского хозяйства – семейные фермы, а живут
большинство американцев в домах не выше двух этажей,
преимущественно за городской чертой.
Можно купить готовый дом или построить по
индивидуальному заказу. В среднем обходится он в 90 тысяч
долларов, но в конечном итоге цена зависит от района, его
престижности и конъюнктуры рынка: 200тысяч и
значительно выше на юге Калифорнии, менее 60 тысяч,
скажем, в штате Огайо. Так или иначе, сумма не малая и
внести ее полностью способны немногие. Приходиться
залезать в долги, брать ссуду в банке и взваливать на свои
плечи выплату десятилетиями процентов по займу, что в
среднем забирает до трети семейного бюджета. Но каждый,
кто может себе это позволить, покидает город без всякого
сожаления. Более 60 миллионов семей, или почти 180
миллионов человек, живут в своих домах. Потому, что в
небоскребах американцы трудятся, а жить предпочитают
подальше от места работы, поближе к земле. Отнюдь не ради
того, чтобы сажать картошку или выращивать яблоки.
Подобное занятие никому и в голову не придет при отлично
налаженной торговле и разумных ценах. Максимум
сельскохозяйственных усилий владельца частного дома –
забота о традиционном газоне и цветах.
Для строительства дома требуются только деньги, т.е.
приличный заработок. И американцы трудятся с полной
отдачей, чисто по-американски.
Только в его собственном доме с американцем можно
поговорить по душам. Только в своем доме он полностью
раскрывается, задумывается и размышляет, отдыхает и
работает в удовольствие. В выходные дни играет с детьми,
лениво почитывает пухлые воскресные газеты, кости траву на
газоне, возится в гараже или моет, а точнее, вылизывает свою
машину.
Перед домом у края газона, на столбике обычно выставлен
почтовый ящик с указанием адреса и имени хозяина. На
первом этаже, как правило, гостиная, столовая и кухня,
иногда – рабочий кабинет, а спальни этажом выше.
Редкий американский дом обходится без пристройки. Там
оборудуют гараж, оранжерею или мастерскую. Это отнюдь не
сарай, куда складывают все, что жалко просто выбросить.
Такая пристройка или, на худой конец, нужны потому, что и
на отдыхе хозяева не могут долго бездельничать.
Американский дом – не роскошь и не загородная
резиденция, не дача и не садово-огородный участок. Это как
раз то, что называют семейным очагом, место рождения
нового и прощание с уходящим поколением. Дом – это
вечная забота и законная гордость, вклад капитала и частица
своего труда, переходящая детям. Самая благоустроенная
квартира в высотном здании – это, что ни говори, часть
общего, а дом – свое, близкое и родное. Строится и
оборудуется продуманно, прочно, со вкусом, на поколения.
TimeforFun
Переведите текст на английский язык
Риелтор пытается продать очередному покупателю
загородный дом “Да, у него есть недостатки. На севере
располагается колбасный цех. На востоке – сыроварня, на юге
– бензоколонка. Но есть и бесспорные преимущества.
Например, вы всегда будете знать, откуда дует ветер”.
Notes: 1. риелтор- arealestateagent; 2. продавать-sell; 3.
недостаток-disadvantage; 4. Колбасный цех-sausageshop; 5.
сыроварня-cheese-making:
6. бензоколонкаgasolinestation;7. преимущества-advantages; 8. Дует ветерthewindisblowing .
Text 5: The Use of Concrete
I.Упражнения в чтении:
-ear
-er
-ir
-ur
ture
early
bert
birt
burn
picture
h
h
earn
her
girl
learn
nerv
fir
e
earth
earne
st
serv
firs
e
t
ter
bir
m
d
architectu
fur
re
purse
mixture
nurse
future
surfac
gesture
e
Прочитайте текст и расскажите все, что вы узнали о
бетоне.
Concrete is a most necessary material in modern architecture.
This very old material was used by the ancient Romans.¹ They
knew the art of building huge concrete roofs supported only by
walls, but this art was lost in the Middle Ages.²
And now concrete again plays an important part the history of
architecture.
Concrete is a mixture of a powder called cement, made from
clay and chalk, water, sand and broken brick or gravel. When
mixed and left for a time, this mass becomes as hard as stone.
A concrete beam, like stone, can crack if heavily weighted, but
we know a way – unknown to the ancient Romans – of
strengthening concrete.
Before pouring the mixture, one can place long steel rods or a
steel mesh into the trough. We call this ferro – concrete, and we
can mould it into any shape.³ Concrete is as plastic as clay, and it
is much easier to get unusual shapes from concrete than from
stone or brick. One can use concrete to model a building into
different forms as readily as a child uses plasticine to do the same
thing.
Notes
1. was used by the . . . Romans – использовался . . .
римлянами
2. was lost in the Middle Ages – былоутраченовсредниевека
3. we can mould it into any shape мыможемпридатьемулюбуюформу
Exercises
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
a) 1. Where do we use concrete and brick? 2. Who was the first
to use concrete? 3.What kind of roofs did the ancient Romans
make? 4. How do we make concrete? 5. How can we strengthen
concrete? 6. What shapes can we give to concrete?
2. Образуйте наречия от следующих прилагательных и
переведите их.
slow, good, bad, easy, careful, quiet, near, quick, hard, cold,
sudden, scientific
3. Из двух слов, данных в скобках, выберите нужное по
смыслу
1. Drive (slow, slowly) near schools and nurseries. 2. You are
very (slow, slowly). 3. Peter plays chess (good, well). 4. This is a
(good, well) picture. 5. Be (careful, carefully) when you cross the
street. 6. My brother does his work (careful, carefully). 7. You
must be (quick, quickly) if you want to come in time. 8. She
smiled (happy, happily). 9. My sister looks very (happy, happily).
10. TheAgeofSciencedidnotcome (sudden, suddenly).
4. Употребите в каждом предложении одно из
приведенных ниже наречий
Carefully, often, well, yesterday, seldom, usually, always,
never, ever, tomorrow
1. He goes to St. Petersburg. 2. He stays there for more than
two days. 3. She plays the piano. 4. Tom prepares his lessons. 5.
We go for a walk to the park on Sunday. 6. Ann came to her
lessons late. 7. I saw brother in the dining-room. 8. Do you work
on Sundays? 9. Why are you late? 10. She is so kind to me.
5. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на
употребление глаголов tosay, totell, tospeak в значении
говорить
1. He always says what he thinks. 2. Parents must teach
children to tell the truth. 3. Can you tell me the way to the central
square? 4. Speak louder, I can`t hear what youare saying. 5. He
says he is very busy now. 6. Let us speak about the new play. 7.
Don`t tell him the sad news. 8. Firstthinkandthenspeak.
6. Напишите и переведите основные формы следующих
глаголов.
to build
to go
to see
to read
to know
to
to light
to obtain
to call
to study
prepare
7. Переведите следующие словосочетания:
a badly written story, a snow – covered mountain, a well –
dressed woman, hard – earned money, low – paid work, a well –
done experiment, a kind – hearted girl, prepared and preserved
food, electrically lighted and steam heated homes.
8. Переведите данные в скобках причастия на
английский язык.
1. The food (приготовленный) by this cook was very tasteful
(to cook). 2. Our electrically (освещенные) and steam
(отапливаемые) homes are the results of scientific progress (to
light, to heat). 3. The (полученный) mixture is called concrete (to
obtain). 4. The (горящий) match fell on the floor (to burn). 5. The
messages (полученный) by us are very important (to get, got,
got). 6. The material (названный) concrete is used in architecture
(to call). 7. When (оставленный) for a time concrete becomes as
hard as a stone (to leave, left, left). 8. The students (изучающий)
English must work regularly (to study). 9. The man (читающий)
the order to the students is our college principle (to read).
9. Переведите словa, данные в скобках, и прочтите
предложения:
1. We know a way of strengthening (бетона) 2. The worker
took (глину), (гравий), (бетон) and (смешал) them. 3. I heard a
(треск) and a big (балка) fell down. 4. Is lead a (смесь)? No, it is
not. 5. It was raining all day long yesterday. It is (грязно) in the
street now. 6. What is the diameter of this (стержня)? 7. He put a
steel (стержень) into the (смесь). 8. We can mouldferro –
concrete into any (форму). 9. (Научные и сследования) of the
laboratory are very important for our industry. 10. When a
chemist makes a (синтетический) product, he puts chemical parts
into new combinations.
Text 6: MiraclesofScience
Переведите текст с помощью словаря.
We are living in the Age of Science. Our electrically lighted
and steam – heated homes, our prepared and preserved food, our
synthetic clothing are all the results of patient scientific research.
We travel across vast lands in fast electric trains. We ride
across bridges. We fly in huge airplanes over great distances of
land and water. We send and receive massages by means of
telephone, radio, and television. We know what is happening
around the world by reading our newspapers and by listening to
radios and by watching TV.
Our doctors now cure many diseases which resulted in death
only a few years ago.
This Age of Science did not come suddenly. It has taken
centuries of scientific research and invention to develop the
civilization of the modern type.
2. Переведите предложения, укажите, чем являются
выделенные слова: сказуемым или причастием.
1. He left for Moscow yesterday. The book left on the table is
mine. 2. The workers built many houses in this street last year.
The houses built by the workers are of modern design. 3. Pierre
and Mary Curie discovered a new element. They called the
discovered element radium. 4. He used many interesting facts in
his report. When used for building concrete is very important.
Text 7: The Most Important Building Materials
Lime, gypsum and cement are the three materials most
widelyused in building construction for the purpose of binding
together masonry units, such as stone,brick and constituents of
wall plaster. Cement is the most important component of
concrete. Concrete is an artificial conglomerate of crushed
stone, gravel or similar inert material with a mortar. Mortar is a
mixture of sand, screening or similar inert particles with cement,
which has the capacity ofhardening into a rocklike mass. These
materials form very important elements in all masonry structures.
Common building brick is made of clay containing a
considerable proportion of fine sand. The material is mixed with
water, and the mass is pressed througha rectangular opening and
cut crosswise with wires. The presence of sand lowers the
plasticity of the raw material, but decreases its tendency to
crack, twistor shrink during drying. The fully dried material is
heated until it begins to vitrify. This means that the temperature
is fully reached, at which the more fusible components of the
mixture begin to melt to a liquid, which flows around the unfused
particles, cementing them firmly together. When it has been
carried, the ceramic material is said to be completely vitrified.
The most important building materials now are structuralsteel
andconcrete. The outer walls and the roofhave lost their old
importance. They are no longer structural. The walls, which no
longer to support the structure, can be made of any kind of
material. The roofs may be flat.
With glass and ferro-concrete as construction materials and
with modern synthetic materials for interior decoration, architects
and construction workerserect structures which represent a
harmonious blend of national and modern style.
Notes: 1. cutcrosswisewithwires – резать поперек с помощью
проволоки
Pre-textexercises
1. Выпишите из текста выделенные слова и найдите их
значения в англо-русском словаре.
2. Переведите словосочетания:
а) N.B! more – более, больше;most - самый
most widely used in building construction
stone, brick and constituents of wall plaster
masonry units, masonry structures
the most important component of concrete
artificial conglomerate of stone, gravel or similar inert
materialstone
a mixture of sand, screening or similar inert particles
a rectangular opening
the plasticity of raw material
tendency to crack, twist or shrinkto melt to a liquidsynthetic
materials for interior decoration
the more fusible components of the mixturerepresent a
harmonious blend of national and modern style
b) Переведите предложения:
N.B! Слова с ing-окончанием могут представлять
разные части речи: существительные (что?), причастия
(какой?), деепричастия (как), герундий (что? что делать?)
1. Lime, gypsum and cement are used in building construction
for the purpose of bending together masonry units.
2 Mortar is a mixture of sand, screening or similar inert
particles with cement.
3. Cement has a capacity of hardening into a rocklike mass.
4. Brick is made of clay containing a considerable proportion
of fine sand.
5. The presence of sand decreases its tendency to crack during
drying.
6. A liquid flows around the unfused particles cementing them
together.
3. Словообразование.Переведите производные слова:
Tomix (смешивать) – mixture; hard (твердый) – toharden;
low (низкий) – tolower = to decrease; todry (высыхать) – drying
– driedmaterial; tofuse (плавиться) – fusible – unfused;tovitrify
(превращаться в стекловидное вещество) – completelyvitrified;
tocrash(крошить) – crashedstone.
After – textexercises
4. Ответьте на вопросы, используя текст:
1.What are the most important building materials?
2. What are they used for?
3. What is concrete made of?
4. Is cement the most important component of concrete?
5. What is mortar?
6. What are building bricks made of?
7. How does the presence of fine sand affect the raw material?
8. What new and modern building materials are in
usenowadays?
Text 8: Cement
Прочитайте текст, выпишите из текста предложения, в
которых раскрываются следующие утверждения: 1.
название цемента связано с местом, где он был найден; 2.
цемент
представляет собой смесь определённых
ингредиентов; 3. белоснежный цемент используется для
архитектурных эффектов; 4. обогащённый воздухом
цемент защищает от холода.
An
English
patent
grantedin
1824
toJoseph
Aspdinmarkedtheformalentry
of
Portlandcement
intotheconstructiontrades. Aspdin called it “Portlandcement”,
because its color was identicalwith a certain kind of stone found
near Portland, England. The cement is made of a powered mixture
derive from limestone, cement rock, oyster shells, clay, iron ore,
shale, sand and marl. Other ingredients are often added to make
special types of cement for certain conditions. One beautiful type
is white porcelain cement – a snowy white substance used for
striking architectural effects. A type important to northern builders
is air – entrained Portland cement which has the ability to from
millions of tiny bubbles of air in the concrete or mortal mass,
making it more flexible in freeze – thaw conditions. Air –
entrained concrete and mortal are resistant to the salt and
chemicals used for melting snow and ice, and they are easier to
work with a towel. If you live in the north, air – entrained cement
is the only kind to use.
Text 9: Construction and New Steel Products
Прочитайте тексты и расскажите, какие новые
технологии появились в строительстве зданий и
сооружений.
White the trend toward structures of increasing size, the
construction industry is emphasizing high strength and low cost
when specifying materials, along with effectiveness in shortening
the construction term. The importance of corrosion resistance has
risen with the increase in construction project in coastal district
and offshore and good weathering performance is in great demand
for all construction materials. In this field, durability takes priority
over low initial cost. A variety ofsteel materials have been
developed to satisfy today’s construction needs.
In many cities building construction plants have mastered
production of perlite- concrete blocks. Perlite is an excellent
building material, which is especially valuable as a thermoinsulating filter. It is obtained from natural rock.
Notes: trend –тенденция, направление; toemphasize–делать
упор на; toshorten –укорачивать, уменьшать; coastal –
прибрежный; toweather –выдерживать погодные условия;
totakepriority –быть более важным; perlite-перлит.
Steel Fiber
Steel fiber for reinforcing concrete is another recent
innovation. Its flat shape gives this fiber a large effective surface
for good adhesion to concrete. Mixed into concrete in a ratio of 12 per cent by volume, it remarkably improves the bending
strength, tensile strength and impact strength of the concrete. It
has already proved its usefulness in the construction of roads,
runways, and floor slabs for bridges and tunnels.
Specialists have designed a block of flats which is earthquake –
proof. It consists of a reinforced concrete prefabricated frame and
panels with metal cores. The designers have found an original
method of assembling the components so that the finished
structure can withstand seismic shocks. Such a block weighs only
two-fifth of a brick one.
Notes:fiber – волокно;toreinforce– армировать,
укреплять;recent –недавний;adhesion –сцепление;inaratio –в
соотношении; floorslabs- плиты покрытия
Unit 6
Check Yourself
Вариант 1
1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите
их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения
слов it, that, one.
1. These is no need to say that all the buildings must be
strong and attractive.
2. The Kursky terminal is one of the largest and the most
comfortable railway stations in Europe.
3. It was in 1891 that the building of the world’s longest
Trans-Siberian railway began.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите
их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию
инфинитива.
1. Another tendency in the field of civil engineering was to
replace hard manual labour by machines.
2. In Washington, efforts by builders to raise a height limit of
130 feet were unsuccessful.
3. To speed up the construction work there is a growing
tendency to use prefabrication parts of buildings.
3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные
обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.
1. Engineers believe tall buildings to rise to 200 stories or
more.
2. A building’s framework is as likely to be of reinforced
concrete as of structural steel.
3. The design of the present Yaroslavsky station is known to
be based on the motifs of northern Russia folklore.
4. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
History of the Houses
History of the houses can be divided into some stages, such as
primitive houses, Egypt period, Greek period, Roman period, etc.
First people lived in caves, tents, huts or earthen houses. Basic
building materials were wood and stone.
An important peculiarity of Egyptian houses was a flat roof.
Egyptians built many monuments, sphinxes, pyramids and
columns. Construction required many workers, large expenses and
a lot of time.
Greek improved Egypt’s architecture. The roofs of their houses
were slanting.
Romans made architecture more various and beautiful. They
decorated their houses improving columns and arches.
In the Middle Ages in Europe many castled and fortresses were
built. They defended population from enemy.
In the Renaissance many beautiful houses, especially palaces
and cathedrals were built. Classic forms returned into architecture.
In the 19-th century new materials, such as steel and iron began
to be used.
In the 20-th century appeared new techniques, materials and
building methods. Many high beautiful buildings were built.
Check Yourself
Вариант 2
1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите
их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения
слов it, that, one.
1. It is know that a new building of the Kursky railway
station in Moscow was erected in 1972.
2. Concrete is one of the most important construction
materials.
3. The floor of that house was covered with wood.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите
их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию
инфинитива.
1. Work on heavy foundations requires excavators, heavy
cranes, pumps and pilling equipment (оборудование для забивки
свай)to be extensively used.
2. As the building began to lean over, the builders altered the
design of the upper stories to balance it.
3. The quantity of factory work on the building components
is highly increased so as to reduce the cost and improve the
quality and speed of construction.
3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные
обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.
1. New and cheap building materials are believed to replace
traditional stone and brick.
2. Steel, aluminum, glass and plastics are considered to be the
best materials.
3. We know them to have used arches in their buildings.
4. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Egyptian pyramids
There were many different styles or kinds of architecture in the
past and there are many different styles today in various parts of
the world.
The older monuments which are met within architecture are the
colossal pyramids of Egуpt most of which were constructed about
6000 years ago.
The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed
over the tombs of Egyptian kinds. The pyramids tell us about the
advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much spoken
about even in our days.
It was a country which had expert mathematicians and
engineers, where astronomy and philosophy were known and
studied.
The country was rich in hard and durable stone, but poor in
timber and metal, so that the main material used for construction
was granite, and this was the reason for the durability of the
pyramids.
Large blocks of stone were transported over long distances by
land and water, and placed into position with the help of the most
primitive equipment. That was done by slaves working for thirty
or forty years. All this great amount of work was done, masses of
material and a large territory sometimes of about 52000 square
meters were used, only for protecting the body of a dead king and
constructing a dwelling place for his happy life in the «other
world».
Check Yourself
Вариант 3
1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите
их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения
слов it, that, one.
1. This railway station is much more beautiful than that one.
2. It is well known that most of the metro stations are
furnished with granite and marble.
3. It is the application of prefabricated parts that enables the
civil engineers considerably reduce the initial cost of railway
electrification.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите
их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию
инфинитива.
1. Another purpose of a town plan is to show the principal
road system connecting various zones together.
2. The type of piles to be used depends upon the soil
composition.
3. The task of an architect is to make plans, whereas the task
of an engineer is to build according to those plans.
3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные
обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.
1. Wide application of prefabricated systems is likely to
increase because such system has obvious advantages of
flexibility and quick assembly.
2. Builders know the concrete to be pre-heated to
+15SYMBOL 176 \f «Symbol» \s 14°, +25SYMBOL 176 \f
«Symbol» \s 14° using water or steam in thermos method.
3. The designing of a station building is known to be a
complicated job.
4. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Rome
The Romans took nearly all the architectural ideas and
decorative motifs of Greek buildings.
As builders and creators of great arches and domes, the
Romans developed their own distinctive style. As constructional
engineers they surpassed the Greeks.
Greek domestic architecture was based on the simples: a square
room with a fireplace in the middle, a smaller undecorated
structure in front, a colonnaded courtyard leading off to rooms
without windows.
Roman architects had a considerable range of building types to
erect: temples, huge meeting halls, theatres, palaces, aqueducts
and baths. The arch was the universal motif used for the most
insignificant doorway and for great triumphal arches
commemorating major political events alike.
In Roman times, any large-scale public building – public
concourse, covered market or warehouse was called a basilica.
Today the work is used only for a certain kind of church, the
interior of which is split into three of five naves with rows of
supporting columns. The side naves are always lower than the
main central ones.
Check Yourself
Вариант 4
1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите
их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения
слов it, that, one.
1. It is well known that nowadays the problem of maintaining
station buildings has been greatly facilitated.
2. He is one of the most experienced builders.
3. The buildings that were destroyed during the war were
reconstructed.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите
их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию
инфинитива.
1. The purpose of a town plan is to give the greatest possible
freedom to the individual.
2. To make the concrete resistant to bending, engineers
reinforce it.
3. The bridge to span this river is to carry road traffic.
3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные
обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.
1. Civil engineering is claimed to be the art of directing the
great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of
man.
2. People consider both Romans and Greeks to have been
great builders.
3. The engineer expected the work to be done in time.
4. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Offices
The office as a distinctive type is a late 19-th century
phenomenon. Before that time it was unusual for a building to be
designed especially for office use. However, as manufacturing
changed from a craft to an industrial base, there was a great
demand for administrative control and the keeping of records, and
the office function grew rapidly. As organizations became more
complex and the amount of transactions multiplied toward the end
of the 19-th century the demand for specially designed office
space increased.
By the end of the 19-th centurya further concentration of office
building took place: in London between 1867 and 1886 new
«office streets» such as Victoria Street were constructed.
The 19-th century office was a small room where only three or
four clerks might work. As industry and business developed, these
types of offices were superseded by the «general office». It
housed up to 100 clerks in large, often toilet rooms surrounded by
small individual rooms for managers.
Check Yourself
Вариант 5
1.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите
их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения
слов it, that, one.
1. Gothic was one of the most widespread styles in Europe.
2. It is well known that nowadays various machines have
replaced hard manual labour.
1. This station is more architecturally remarkable than that
one.
1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите
их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию
инфинитива.
1. In order to choose the site for construction thorough
surveys are usually made.
2. The Orland Bridge to be constructed in Sweden is
expected to be the longest in Europe.
3. The purpose of the bridge is to provide the link between
two islands.
2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на
русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные
обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота.
1. The most important building materials are considered to be
structural steel and concrete.
2. England is said to be the land of late Gothic.
3. We expected him to be a good engineer.
4. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
Cement
An English patent granted in 1824 to Joseph Aspdin marked
the formal entry of Portland cement into the construction trades.
Aspdin called it «Portland cement» because its color was identical
with a certain kind of stone found near Portland, England. The
cement is made of a powered mixture derived from limestone,
cement rock, oyster shells, clay, iron ore, shale, sand and marl.
Other ingredients are often added to make special types of cement
for certain conditions. One beautiful type is white porcelain
cement – a snowy white substance used for striking architectural
effects. A type important to northern builders is air-entrained
Portland cement which has the ability to form millions of tiny
bubbles of air in the concrete or mortar mass, making it more
flexible in freeze-thaw conditions. Air-entrained concrete and
mortar are resistant to the salt and chemicals used for melting
snow and ice, and they are easier to work with a trowel. If you
live in the north, air-entrained cement is the only kind to use.