Contributors to Biological
Knowledge
GALEN
Galen of Pergamon
Aelius Galenus
Claudius Galenus
Systematized the science of Anatomy
Developed the Scientific Method
• Galen was the originator of the
experimental method in medical
investigation, and throughout his life
dissected animals in his quest to
understand how the body functions.
Some of his anatomical and
physiological observations were
accurate - for example, he proved
that urine was formed in the kidney
(as opposed to the bladder which
was common belief). His most
important discovery was that
arteries carry blood although he did
not discover circulation.
•
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/galen.shtml
Andreas Vesalius
• Did human dissections
• Furthered the study of
human anatomy.
• Surgery and anatomy were then
considered of little importance
in comparison to the other
branches of medicine. However,
Vesalius believed that surgery
had to be grounded in anatomy.
Unusually, he always performed
dissections himself and
produced anatomical charts of
the blood and nervous systems
as a reference aid for his
students, which were widely
copied.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/vesalius_andreas.shtml
William Harvey
• Discovered circulation
• Established the Science of
Physiology
• Harvey's research was furthered
through the dissection of
animals. He first revealed his
findings at the College of
Physicians in 1616, and in 1628
he published his theories in a
book entitled 'Exercitatio
Anatomica de Motu Cordis et
Sanguinis in Animalibus' ('An
Anatomical Study of the Motion
of the Heart and of the Blood in
Animals'), where he explained
how the heart propelled the
blood in a circular course through
the body.
•
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/harvey_william.shtml
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
• As well as being the father of
microbiology, van
Leeuwenhoek laid the
foundations of plant anatomy
and became an expert on
animal reproduction. He
discovered blood cells and
microscopic nematodes, and
studied the structure of wood
and crystals. He also made
over 500 microscopes to view
specific objects.
• Pioneer of Microbiology
•
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/van_leeuwenhoek_antonie.shtml
Carolus
Linnaeus
He made an attempt to classify living
organisms to two kingdoms-the plant kingdom
and the animal kingdom. He divided each of
these kingdoms into smaller groups called
classes. Each class was split into orders. Each
order was divided into genera and each genus
into many species. Each of these groups was
formed on the basis of certain specific
morphological features. He described about
5,000 species of plants in his famous book
Genera Plantarum.
Another significant contribution from Linnaeus
is the system of binomial nomenclature
wherein Linnaeus initiated the idea of giving a
scientific name to every plant and animal
species. He proposed the idea of giving a
scientific name consisting of two words - the
first word describing the name of the genus
and the second word describing the name of
the species.
• Pioneer of Taxonomy
•
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/living-organisms/caroluslinnaeus.php#
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
•
•
Lamarck's scientific theories were largely
ignored or attacked during his lifetime;
Lamarck never won the acceptance and
esteem of his colleagues Buffon and Cuvier,
and he died in poverty and obscurity. Today,
the name of Lamarck is associated merely
with a discredited theory of heredity, the
"inheritance of acquired traits." However,
Charles Darwin, Lyell, Haeckel, and other early
evolutionists acknowledged him as a great
zoologist and as a forerunner of evolution.
Charles Darwin wrote in 1861:
Lamarck was the first man whose conclusions
on the subject excited much attention. This
justly celebrated naturalist first published his
views in 1801. . . he first did the eminent
service of arousing attention to the
probability of all changes in the organic, as
well as in the inorganic world, being the result
of law, and not of miraculous interposition.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/lamarck.html
Louis Pasteur
• Pasteur's various investigations
convinced him of the rightness of
the germ theory of disease, which
holds that germs attack the body
from outside. Many felt that such
tiny organisms as germs could not
possibly kill larger ones such as
humans. Pasteur now extended
this theory to explain the causes of
many diseases - including anthrax,
cholera, TB and smallpox - and
• Developed vaccines for rabies
& anthrax
their prevention by vaccination. He
is best known for his work on the • Developed Pasteurization
development of vaccines for rabies • Disproved the Spontaneous
•
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/pasteur_louis.shtml
Generation Theory
Gregor Mendel
• Gregor Mendel, an Austrian
monk, discovered the basic
principles of heredity
through experiments in his
garden. The observations he
made while growing peas in
his monastery's garden
became the foundation of
modern genetics and the
study of heredity
•
http://www.biography.com/people/gregor-mendel-39282
Charles Darwin
• Influenced by the ideas of
Malthus, he proposed a theory
of evolution occurring by the
process of natural selection. The
animals (or plants) best suited
to their environment are more
likely to survive and reproduce,
passing on the characteristics
which helped them survive to
their offspring. Gradually, the
species changes over time.
•
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/darwin_charles.shtml
•
•
Established the concept of
natural selection
Developed the modern theory of
evolution
Paul Ehrlich
• German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich was a
pioneer in the fields of chemotherapy
(treatment of disease with chemical
agents) and hematology (the study of
blood). He was born in Strehlen, Germany
(now Strzelin, Poland), worked for several
years under under
and
shared the 1908 Nobel Prize for
Physiology or Medicine with
He worked with
to develop a diphtheria antitoxin,
released in 1892, and worked with
Sahachiro Hata (1873-1938) to develop
salversan, an arsenic derivative that
proved the first effective treatment for
syphilis, and was introduced in 1910.
•
http://www.nndb.com/people/238/000086977/
• Used chemotherapy to
treat syphilis.
• Developed the diphtheria
anti-toxin
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Morgan formed the Chromosome Theory of Heredity
after his fruit fly experiment. He was proven correct
in his assumptions that chromosomes contain many
genes, and that some chromosomes are related to
sex. He also proved that genes on one chromosome
were inherited together, and genes on different
chromosomes were not. He noticed that there were
no exceptions to his general rule. He formulated
three laws that go with his theory of heredity:
Genes are inside of chromosomes. A certain gene is
at the same spot on each chromosome, and that spot
is called the locus.
Crossing Over, or the subtle exchange of fragments of
chromosomes, only takes place between
homologous chromosomes.
•
The frequency of a cross-over is directly in proportion
to how far apart the chromosomes are in the cell
nucleus. The farther apart they are, the more they
cross
over. http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312650/morgan.htm
http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312650/morgan.htm
• Established the
Gene Theory
• Showed the
physical basis of
heredity
Sir Alexander Fleming
• In 1928, while studying influenza,
Fleming noticed that mould had
developed accidentally on a set of
culture dishes being used to grow the
staphylococci germ. The mould had
created a bacteria-free circle around
itself. Fleming experimented further and
named the active substance penicillin.
• It was two other scientists however,
• Discovered Penicillin
Australian Howard Florey and Ernst
Chain, a refugee from Nazi Germany,
• Ushered in the age
who developed penicillin further so that
of antibiotics
it could be produced as a drug.
•
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/fleming_alexander.shtml
Dorothy C. Hodgkin
•
• Determined the
structure of Penicillin
and Vit. B12
•
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910
–1994) received the 1964 Nobel Prize for
Chemistry for determining the structures of
several biologically important compounds
using X-ray crystallography. She is often
referred to as a founder of the science of
protein crystallography. Hodgkin and her
mentor, J. D. Bernal, were the first to
successfully apply X-ray diffraction to crystals
of biological substances, beginning in 1934
with pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down
proteins in the stomach. Hodgkin's
contributions to crystallography included
solving the structures of cholesterol,
lactoglobulin (a protein found in milk), ferritin
(a protein aiding in iron storage, found in the
liver and spleen), tobacco mosaic virus,
penicillin, vitamin B12, and insulin. She also
developed methods for indexing and
processing X-ray intensities.
http://www.asbmb.org/uploadedfiles/AboutU
s/ASBMB_History/nobel_winners/50s60s/196
James Watson, F.H.C. Crick
& Maurice Wilkins
• In 1962 James Watson (b. 1928),
Francis Crick (1916–2004), and Maurice
Wilkins (1916–2004) jointly received
the Nobel Prize in physiology or
medicine for their 1953 determination
of the structure of deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA). Because the Nobel Prize
can be awarded only to the living,
Wilkins’s colleague Rosalind Franklin
(1920–1958), who died of cancer at the
age of 37, could not be honored.
•
http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-inhistory/themes/biomolecules/dna/watson-crick-wilkins-franklin.aspx
Jonas Salk & Albert Sabin
• Drs. Jonas E. Salk
and Albert B. Sabin
were the pioneers
and researchers
who discovered the
vaccine and serum
to combat polio, a
crippling and killing
disease that
affected millions of
people throughout
the world annually.
Melvin Calvin
• Calvin received the
1961 Nobel prize in
chemistry for
identifying the path of
carbon in
photosynthesis.
Barbara McClintock
•
http://www.biography.com/people/barbara-mcclintock-9391014
•
Showed that genes can move from one
location to another on a chromosome
• Scientist Barbara
McClintock received her
Ph.D. from Cornell
University in Botany. She
specialized in cytogenetics,
particularly the study of
chromosomes in corn. She
discovered the role of
"controlling elements" in
genetic regulation and
transposition. Her work was
considered too radical (or
simply ignored) until it was
replicated in the late 1960s.
McClintock received the
Nobel Prize in 1983.
Famous Biologist
Instructions:
• Choose a scientist from the following list and research their
life and biological contributions
• Make a PowerPoint presentation about this scientist and
include their contributions to biology
• The presentation must be 12 slides minimum, including the
cover slide.
• The presentation must include 6 -8 pictures or photographs
• When you finish the presentation, e-mail the PowerPoint to
me at mdsfortu04@yahoo.com
• Also, print off handouts of the slides (print 6 per page) and
turn this into me with your name, date, and period in the
upper left-hand corner
• Presentation, including slide print out and emailed
presentation is due on November 22, 2012.
Famous Biologists
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Paul Ehrlich
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Sir Alexander Fleming
Dorothy C. Hodgkin
James Watson
Francis Harry Compton
Crick
• Maurice Wilkins
• Jonas Salk
• Albert Sabin
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Melvin Calvin
Barbara McClintock
Galen
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
Andreas Vesalius
William Harvey
Louis Pasteur
Gregor Mendel
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Charles Darwin
Carolus Linnaeus
• End of Presentation