Human Anatomy &
Physiology (HAP)
Chapter 1
Introduction to HAP
Text-Hole’s Essentials of
HAP
http://sce.uhcl.edu/puzdrowski/vitruvian.jpg
Prefixes and Suffixes
Learn the prefixes & suffixes in every unit
Copy the prefixes and suffixes at the
beginning of every unit onto “Fold”
Sheet ….write the word on front left side
and the definition on the back left side
and fold to see definition.
Practice using the sheet to improve your
memorization of the terms.
Ch 1 Prefixes & Suffixes
AppendCardiCranDorsHomeo-logy
Meta-
ParietPelvPeriPleur-stasis
-tomy
Anatomy
 Structure (morphology), form and
organization of body parts
Physiology
 Functions of body parts
Difficult to separate the two Sciences
Levels of Organization
(least to most complex)
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism (Human)
Descriptions – atomic, molecular & cellular levels
Ten Characteristics of Life
Movement – Change position; motion
Responsiveness - Reaction to a stimulus
Growth- increase size w/o change in shape
Reproduction
Respiration - release energy from food
Digestion
Absorption- move substances thru membrane
Circulation-move substances thru fluids
Assimilation- change substances
Excretion- remove metabolic wastes
Environmental Factors
Vital to Life
Water



Medium for metabolic processes
Transports substances within organism
Regulation of body temperature
http://www.revivenaturally.com/images/fig01_pctwtrbody_s.gif
Food

Provides water and nutrients
(chemicals)
Chemicals for Energy used in
metabolic processes
Raw material for building new matter
Chemicals to Regulate Reactions
http://lh4.ggpht.com/_HEQG9GgW6nM/R3RD3D_fbLI/AAAAAAAAAjk/hYhi-5s4RSs/324718010_32a837fcb6.jpg
Oxygen

http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/SDPS/Atom.Oxygen.GIF
Necessary in order to Release
Energy from Food
Heat
Energy
 Produced in Metabolic Rxns
 Affect Metabolic Rxn rates

Increase Heat  Increase Rate
http://ppo.tamuk.edu/ehs/Heat_Stress/PE00998_.gif
Pressure- applied force
Atmospheric Pressure

Weight of Atmosphere (14.7lbs/in2)
Hydrostatic Pressure

Weight of Fluid on organism
*Blood Pressure
http://assets.aarp.org/external_sites/adam/graphics/images/en/9124.jpg
Maintaining a Stable Internal
Environment
Homeostasis

Maintained by a self-regulating
system (3 components)
*Set-point – ex. 37C (98.6F) body
temp.
*Receptors – get info
*Effectors – cause response
Negative Feedback Response
Organization of the Human Body
Two Portions or Divisions:
 Axial portion
Head
Neck
Trunk of Body

Appendicular portion
Upper & Lower Limbs
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/notes/images/skmus/appendicular_skeleton1.jpg
Axial anatomy:
Cranial Cavity
Vertebral Canal
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic
Cavity
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Axial_skeleton_diagram.svg/240px-Axial_skeleton_diagram.svg.png
Cranial Cavity
Four Smaller Cavities within
the Head:
Oral Cavity
 Nasal Cavity
 Orbital Cavity
 Middle Ear
Cavity

Orbital Cavity
http://www.wetcanvas.com/ArtSchool/Drawing/Anatomy/Lesson1/page8a.jpg
Middle Ear
Cavity
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.boystownhospital.org/Images/Cochlear/Information/outer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.boystownhospital.org/Cochlear/Information/normal.asp&usg=
__Q5Ij1KFzAIbY0Kch1V4dh0DSWZ8=&h=303&w=382&sz=107&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=PKjdwZqi94CNSM:&tbnh=98&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmiddle%2Bear%2Bcavity%26um%
3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_en___US250%26sa%3DN
Thoracic & Abdominopelvic
Cavities
Organs are called VISCERA
Cavities separated by DIAPHRAGM
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/7073.jpg
Thoracic Cavity
Three Regions:
Left Lung
Right Lung
Mediastinum
Heart- moves blood
Esophagus- moves food
Trachea- moves air
Thymus- gland (hormone)
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Two Regions
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity

Within hips
http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat/Notes/Image561.gif
Abdominal Cavity
Viscera:
Stomach
Liver
Spleen
Gallbladder
Kidneys
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
http://www.walgreens.com/library/graphics/images/en/19260.jpg
Pelvic Cavity
Enclosed by Hip bones
*Urinary Bladder
*Terminal portion
Large Intestines Uterus
*Internal
Bladder
Reproductive
Organs
http://www.netterimages.com/images/vtn/000/000/007/7237-150x150.jpg
Large
Intestines
Warm-up
Write the following (21)terms and the
definition on a sheet of paper in your
notebook:
Abdominal
Acromial
Antebrachial
Antecubital
Axillary
Brachial
Buccal
Carpal
Celiac
Cephalic
Cervical
Costal
Coxal
Crural
.
Cubital
Digital
Dorsal
Femoral
Frontal
Genital
Gluteal
Thoracic & Abdominopelvic
Membranes
Two types:
Parietal
Membranes attached to the wall
of a cavity
 Visceral


Membranes covering an internal
organ within a cavity
Types of Parietal and Visceral
Membranes:
Thoracic Cavity:
Mediastinum:
Parietal Pericardium-lines pericardial
(Heart) cavity
 Visceral Pericardium- covers Heart

Rt & Lft Thoracic Compartments:
Parietal Pleura- line compartments
 Visceral Pleura- covers lungs

Abdominopelvic Cavity
Peritoneal Membranes :
 Parietal Peritoneum- lines cavity
 Visceral Peritoneum – covers
abdominal organs
Potential Space Between Parietal
and Visceral Membranes= Cavity
Organ Systems
Interrelated Organs working
together to enable their system
to contribute to
HOMEOSTASIS
Integumentary System
•
•
•
•
Skin, Nails, Hair, Sweat Glands,
Sebaceous Glands (oil)
Protect underlying tissues
Aid in the regulation of body
temperature
Contain sensory receptors
Synthesize other products (melanin)
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f5-1_layers_of_the_inte_c.jpg
http://www.dwm.ks.edu.tw/bio/activelearner/37/images/ch37c1.gif
Skeletal System
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bones, Ligaments & Cartilages
Framework
Protection of underlying soft tissues
Attachment for muscles
Movement
Produce Blood Cells
Store Inorganic Salts (calcium)
http://www.exrx.net/Store/OtherImages/SkeletalSystem3.jpg
Muscular System
Organ = Muscles
Force for body movement
 Maintain posture
 Main source of Body Heat

Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense
organs
• Control & adjust various organ
functions
• Nerve impulse= short term
electrochemical impulse
• Nerve functions:
•
Detect, Receive or Interpret Impulses
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/e/ec/290px-Nervous_system_diagram.png
Endocrine System
All of the Glands that secrete
hormones (Chemical messengers)
Hypothalamus (brain)
Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal Glands
Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes, Pineal Gland &
Thymus
Hormones leave the gland & affect specific
TARGET CELLS.
Hormone effects may last a long time
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/LifeScience/GeneralBiology/Physiology/EndocrineSystem/NervousEndocrine/endocrorgs.gif
Cardiovascular System
Heart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries &
Blood
• Transport system
for gases, nutrients,
hormones & wastes
http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/BF321698-FDCA-443F-9D66-6E00F445CDAF/0/270f1.gif
Lymphatic System
Lymph vessels, lymph
fluid, lymph nodes,
lymphocytes, thymus &
spleen
• Transport system for
tissue fluid
• Carries fatty substances
into blood stream
• Lymphocytes (cells) fight
infections
Digestive System
Mouth, Tongue, Teeth, Salivary
Glands, Pharynx, Esophagus,
Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder,
Pancreas, Small Intestine & Large
Intestine
• Receive, break down & absorb food
• Eliminate wastes
http://eatwellgetwell.files.wordpress.com/2006/05/digestion_good2.jpg
Respiratory System
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx,
Larynx, Trachea,
Bronchi & Lungs
• Move air (in & out)
• Exchange gas
between blood & air
(Oxygen into blood, CO2 into air)
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/LifeScience/GeneralBiology/Physiology/RespiratorySystem/HumanRespiratory/humrespsys_1.gif
Urinary System
Kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder &
urethra
• Remove waste
from blood
• Help maintain body
water & salt
concentrations
(electrolytes)
http://findmeacure.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/define-kidneys-and-urinary-system-1.jpg
Reproductive System
Male- Scrotum, testes, epididymides,
vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, bulbourethreal
glands, penis & urethra
• Produce & maintain sperm cells
• Transfer sperm cells
(spermatozoa)
Male Reproductive System
http://www.integris-health.com/NR/rdonlyres/95A31EBF-3D10-4084-B685-6960F3E34B92/886/maleReproductiveSystem.jpg
Female Reproductive System
•
•
•
•
•
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina,
clitoris & vulva
Produce & maintain eggs (oocytes)
Receive sperm cells
Transport eggs & sperm w/in system
Supports development of embryo &
fetuses
Provides passageway for fetus to leave
the prenatal environment
Female Reproductive System
http://www.faqs.org/health/images/uchr_02_img0146.jpg
Warm-up
Body Region (21)Terms (pg 15-17)
Textbook
Inguinal
Lumbar
Mammary
Mental
Nasal
Occipital
Otic
Palmar
Patellar
Pectoral
Pedal
Pelvic
Perineal
Plantar
Popliteal
Sacral
Sternal
Tarsal
Umbilical
Vertebral
Anatomical Terms
(Based upon Anatomical Position)
Anatomical Position
*Standing Erect
*Face Forward
*Upper Limbs at side
*Palms forward
*Right & Left refer to the body being
studied
Body Planes
Frontal
(Coronal)
Horizontal
(Transverse)
Median
(Sagittal)
http://www.shoppingtrolley.net/images/anatomy/anatomical-position.jpg
Relative Position Terms
(in respect to another body part)
Superior - above, closer to head
Inferior -below, toward the feet
Anterior -ventral, toward the front
Posterior -dorsal, toward the back
Median -toward the midline
Lateral -toward the side
Proximal -closer to attachment to the Trunk
Distal -farther from the Trunk attachment
Superficial -near the surface
Deep -more internal
Abdominopelvic Body Regions
http://www.rogers.k12.ar.us/users/ehutches/Image564.gif
Abdominopelvic
Quadrants
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f1-10_abdominopelvic_re_c.jpg
Medical Imaging- Allows NONInvasive Visualization of Structures
Inside the Body
Radiography
(X-Ray)- a single
barrage of X-rays
passes through the
body, producing an
image of interior
structures on X-ray
sensitive film
http://www.doh.state.fl.us/DISEASE_CTRL/epi/Epi_Updates/Images/X-ray.jpg
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
High-energy magnetic
field which causes
protons in body fluids
& tissues to arrange
themselves in relation
to the field.
Produces an image on
a video monitor
http://www.mritoday.net/MRI2.JPG
Computed Tomography (CT)
Computer-assisted Radiography
X-Ray beam is arced at multiple
angles around a section of body.
The scan is reproduced on a
monitor.
(once called a CAT scan)
http://www.ducksportsnews.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/ct-scan.jpg
Ultrasound
Use of Cyclic sound pressure to
penetrate the body, and
measuring the reflective signature
of the inner structures.
http://www.advanceusa.org/blog/content/binary/Ultrasound%202.jpg
Clinical Application Terms
Palpations, Auscultation & Percussion
Non-Invasive techniques to assess
certain aspects of body structure &
function.
Palpation-examiner feels body surfaces
with hands (ex. pulse)
 Auscultation-listen (stethoscope) to
body sounds
 Percussion-tap on body surface to listen
or feel for resulting echo

Autopsy
Examination of the body after
death.
May reveal existence of
diseases not detected during
life.
May determine extent of
injuries, explaining how the
injuries may have contributed
to a person’s death.
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/autopsy-9.jpg
Diagnosis of Disease
Diagnosis- science & skill of
distinguishing one disorder or disease
from another.
 Medical History- collection of
information that might relate to a
person’s illness
 Physical Examination- orderly
evaluation of the body & its
functions.
Medical & Applied Sciences
See page 18 Textbook:
Cardiology
Cytology
Dermatology
Endocrinology
Epidemiology
Gastroenterology
Geriatrics
Gerontology
Gynecology
Hematology
Histology
Immunology
Neonatology
Nephrology
Neurology
Obstetrics
Oncology
Ophthalmology
Orthopedics
Otolaryngology
Pathology
Pediatrics
Pharmacology
Podiatry
Psychiatry
Radiology
Toxicology
Urology