Chapter11
Depreciation and
Depletion
Intermediate Accounting 10th edition
Nikolai Bazley Jones
An electronic presentation
by Norman Sunderman
Angelo State University
COPYRIGHT © 2007 Thomson South-Western, a part of The Thomson Corporation.
Thomson, the Star logo, and South-Western are trademarks used herein under license.
2
Factors Involved in
Depreciation
 Asset cost
 Service life
 Residual value
 Method of cost
allocation
3
Factors Involved in
Depreciation
Service Life
Service life is the measure of the
number of units of service expected
from the asset before its disposal.
4
Factors Involved in
Depreciation
Service Life
The factors that limit the service
life of an asset can be divided into
two general categories.
Physical causes
 Functional causes

5
Factors Involved in
Depreciation
Residual Value
Residual, or salvage value, is
the net amount that can be
expected to be obtained when
the asset is disposed.
6
Methods of Cost Allocation
Activity (or use) methods
Time-based methods
a. Straight-line
b. Accelerated (declining charge)
(1) Sum-of-the-years’-digits
(2) Declining balance
7
Methods of Cost Allocation
Time-Based Method: Straight Line
Depreciation Rate =
=
Cost - Residual Value
Service Life
$120,000 - $20,000
5 Years
= $20,000 per year
8
Methods of Cost Allocation
Time-Based Method: Sum-of-the-Years’
Digits
Years of service remaining at beginning of year
Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits
1
2
3
4
5
15
=
(n + 1) n = 30 = 15
2
2
Years
Remaining
5
4
3
2
1
15
9
Methods of Cost Allocation
Time-Based Method: Sum-of-the-Years’
Digits
Year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Depreciation
Book Value at
Base
Fraction Depreciation
Year-End
$100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
5/15
4/15
3/15
2/15
1/15
$ 33,333
26,667
20,000
13,333
6,667
$100,000
$86,667
60,000
40,000
26,667
20,000
Residual
Value
10
Methods of Cost Allocation
Double-Declining
Balance
Time-Based
Method: Declining-Balance
Book Value at
Year Beginning of Year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
$120,000
72,000
43,200
25,920
20,000
Rate
Book Value at
Depreciation Year-End
40% $ 48,000
40%
28,800
40%
17,280
--5,920
----$100,000
$72,000
43,200
25,920
20,000
20,000
Residual
Value
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Methods of Cost Allocation
150%-Declining
Balance
Time-Based
Method: Declining-Balance
Book Value at
Year Beginning of Year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
$120,000
84,000
58,800
41,160
28,812
Rate
Book Value at
Depreciation Year-End
30% $ 36,000
30%
25,200
30%
17,640
30%
12,348
--8,812
$100,000
$84,000
58,800
41,160
28,812
20,000
Residual
Value
12
Methods of Cost Allocation
Activity Method
Depreciation Rate =
=
Cost - Residual Value
Total Lifetime Activity Level
$120,000 - $20,000
10,000 hours
= $10 per hour
Depreciation
= $21,000
(2,100
hourshours.
x $10)
Assume the asset
is used
for 2,100
13
Recording Depreciation
The credit to depreciation is
usually called Accumulated
Depreciation or Allowance
for Depreciation.
14
Conceptual Evaluation of
Depreciation Methods
$
Depreciation
Expense
Sum-of-the-Years-Digits
Straight-Line
Double-Declining-Balance
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
During Year
15
Conceptual Evaluation of
Depreciation Methods
$
Sum-of-the-Years-Digits
Book Value
Straight-Line
Double-Declining-Balance
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
At End of Year
16
Conceptual Evaluation of
Depreciation Methods
If a company expects that repairs
and maintenance costs and the
total economic benefits of the asset
will remain similar each period,...
17
Conceptual Evaluation of
Depreciation Methods
…a similar total cost each period
can be achieved through straightline depreciation and the similar
repair and maintenance costs.
18
Conceptual Evaluation of
Depreciation Methods
If the company expects that
benefits of having the asset
will decline each year for
the life of the asset, ...
19
Conceptual Evaluation of
Depreciation Methods
…and repairs and maintenance
costs are constant each period, a
declining total cost will be achieved
by using accelerated depreciation.
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Effect of Depreciation
on Rate of Return
Year
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Net Income
$12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
Book Value of Asset
at Beginning of Year
$120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
Rate of
Return
10%
12
15
20
30
21
Disclosure of Depreciation
APB Opinion No. 12 requires the following:

Depreciation expense for the period.
 Balance of major classes of depreciable assets,
by nature or function, at the balance sheet date.
 Accumulated depreciation, either by major
classes of depreciable assets or in total, at the
balance sheet date.
 A general description of the method or methods
used in computing depreciation with respect to
major classes of depreciable assets.
22
Group Depreciation
A company
purchased ten
cars for $20,000
each, and the
average
expected life is 3
years with a
residual value
of $5,000 each.
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Group Depreciation
To record the purchase.
Cars
Cash
200,000
$200,000 – $50,000
200,000
3 expense.
To record the first year’s depreciation
Depreciation Expense
50,000
Accumulated Depreciation
50,000
This same depreciation entry would be
made at in the end of the second year.
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Group Depreciation
Three cars were sold after 2 years for $8,000
each.
Cash
Accumulated Depreciation
Cars
24,000
36,000
60,000
.25 ($200,000 – $60,000)
To record the third year’s depreciation expense.
Depreciation Expense
35,000
Accumulated Depreciation
35,000
25
Group Depreciation
Five cars were sold after 3 years for $6,000 each.
Cash
30,000
Accumulated Depreciation
70,000
Cars
100,000
To reduce the $11,000
book
value to the salvage value.
To record the fourth year’s depreciation expense.
Depreciation Expense
Accumulated Depreciation
1,000
1,000
26
Group Depreciation
TwoThe
cars
final
were
twosold
carsafter
were3sold
years
forfor
$4,800
$4,800
each.
each.
Cash
Accumulated Depreciation
Loss on Disposal
Cars
9,600
30,000
400
40,000
Book value = $10,000
Cash received =
9,600
Loss
$ 400
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Composite Depreciation
Asset
Cost
A
B
C
$25,000
13,000
12,000
$50,000
Annual
Residual Value Life Depreciation
$5,000
1,000
----$6,000
10 yrs.
6
4
$2,000
2,000
3,000
$7,000
7,000
Depreciation Rate =
= 14%
$50,000
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Depreciation for Partial
Periods
A company purchases a $6,000 asset with a 3year life and no residual value on August 18.
The firm uses the double-declining-balance
method.
29
Depreciation for Partial
Periods
Annual
Depreciation
Year
1 $6,000
x 2/3 x 4/12
2 ($6,000-$1,333) x 2/3
3 ($4,667-$3,111) x 2/3
4 Remaining balance
Declining-Balance-Method
= $1,333
= $3,111
= 1,037
= $ 518
30
Impairment of
Noncurrent Assets
The FASB issued FASB
Statement No. 144 which
requires a company to review its
property, plant, and equipment
for impairment.
31
Impairment of
Noncurrent Assets
Impairment occurs whenever
events or changes in
circumstances indicate that the
book value of a noncurrent asset
may not be recoverable.
32
Impairment of a
Noncurrent Asset
Impairment Test
If the total undiscounted cash flows are less
than the book value of the asset, an
impairment loss is recognized.
Measurement of the Loss
The loss is measured as the difference
between the book value of the asset and the
present value of future cash flows.
33
Impairment of a
Noncurrent Asset
On January 1, 2004, the Hall Company
purchased a factory for $1 million (20-year
life) and machinery for $3 million (10-year
life).
Late in 2007, the company believes that its
asset(s) may be impaired and the remaining
useful life is 5 years. The company estimates
that the asset will produce cash inflows of
$700,000 and incur cash outflow of $300,000
each year for the next 5 years.
34
Impairment of a
Noncurrent Asset
Impairment Test
December 31, 2007
Factory cost
$1,000,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation
(4 x $50,000)
(200,000)
Book value
$ 800,000
Machinery cost
$3,000,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation
(4 x $300,000)
(1,200,000)
Book value
1,800,000
Total Book Value
$2,600,000
35
Impairment of a
Noncurrent Asset
Impairment Test
Undiscounted expected
net cash flows
= 5 x ($700,000 - $300,000)
Cash
Cash
Years
= 5 x $400,000
Inflows Outflows
= $2,000,000
Because $2,000,000 is less than
$2,600,000 (the book value), an
impairment loss must be recognized.
36
Impairment of a
Noncurrent Asset
Measurement of the Loss
Undiscounted annual cash flows = $400,000 x 3.274294
Present value of the expected
= $1,309,718 (rounded)
cash flows (fair value)
n= 5, i = 0.16
Book value
$2,600,000
from Table
Fair value
(1,309,718)
4 in
Impairment loss $1,290,282
Appendix
37
Impairment of a
Noncurrent Asset
FASB Statement No. 121 does not specify
how to record the write-down. It does
indicate that the reduced book value is to
be accounted for as the new cost.
38
Impairment of a
Noncurrent Asset
Loss from Impairment
Accumulated Depreciation:
Factory
Accumulated Depreciation:
Machinery
Factory (new cost)
Machinery (new cost)
Factory (old cost)
Machinery (old cost)
1,290,282
200,000
1,200,000
327,429
982,289
1,000,000
3,000,000
$1,309,718 x [$1,000,000 ÷ ($3,000,000 + $1,000,000)]
$1,309,718 x [$3,000,000 ÷ ($3,000,000 + $1,000,000)]
39
Conceptual Evaluation of
Asset Impairment
Although FASB Statement No. 121 has been
replaced by FASB Statement No. 144, the
principles it established have only changed
slightly.
Although the Statement narrows GAAP, it still
allows for significant management flexibility.
40
Depreciation for Tax Purposes
For an asset purchased in 1987 and later, the
Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System
(MACRS) is required for tax purposes. A
company’s computation of depreciation for
income tax and financial reporting differ in
three major respects:
1. A mandated tax life, which is usually
shorter than the economic life.
2. The acceleration of the cost recovery
(except for buildings).
3. The elimination of residual value.
41
MACRS Principles
On January 1, 2006, Melville Company purchased
an asset for $200,000. The estimated economic life
and MACRS life are 8 years and 5 years,
respectively. The estimated residual value is $20,000.
Examine Exhibit l1-3 to determine the
annual depreciation rate for 2006.
20%
Determine depreciation for 2006-2011.
42
Changes and Corrections
of Depreciation

A change in an estimate of the residual value
or the service life of a currently owned asset is
accounted for prospectively.
 A change in the depreciation method for
currently owned assets is accounted for
prospectively.
 Correction of an error in depreciation is
treated as prior period adjustment
(restatement).
43
Depletion
Depletion of natural resources is calculated
using the units of activity method
Any environmental costs at the end of the
project are added to the cost in determining
depletion per unit
44
Depletion
Cost - Residual Value
Unit Depletion Rate =
Units
Reggio Company purchases land for $3,000,000 from
which it expects to extract 1,000,000 tons of coal, the
estimated residual value is $200,000, and it mines
80,000 tons of coal in the first year.
$3,000,000 - $200,000
Unit Depletion Rate =
1,000,000 tons
45
Depletion
Cost - Residual Value
Unit Depletion Rate =
Units
$3,000,000 - $200,000
Unit Depletion Rate =
1,000,000 tons
Unit Depletion Rate = $2.80 per ton
Depletion for Year = $2.80 x 80,000 = $224,000
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Chapter 11
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