WHAT IS YOUR “PUSH”
Motivation
- Involves factors that initiate, direct and sustain goal-directed behavior
- Motives – what drives behavior and accounts for why we do what we do
Biological Sources of Motivation: Evolutionary Theory
- Involves inborn needs (such as food, water, oxygen)
- Needs are predominantly those necessary for survival
Instincts: behaviors programmed by nature
- Instinctive behaviors
- Fixed, inborn patterns of response
Biological needs
demand satisfaction
-Need – State of deprivation
or deficiency (usually
biological)
-Drive – bodily tension or unease arising
from an unmet need (hunger, thirst)
-Drive Reduction – satisfaction of a drive
Homeostasis
-Basis for drive theory
-Idea is body tends to maintain a steady
internal state
AROUSAL THEORY: HARRY HARLOW
- Not all drives are to satisfy biological needs
- Human (and other animals) may have innate needs for
exploration & activity
- Stimulus motives – needs to investigate environment and to
manipulate it
- Notion that there is an optimal level of arousal
- This level can vary from individual, and from time to time
- Sensation –seekers – high need for arousal
- Moderate level of arousal best for most tasks
- More difficult tasks – lower levels of arousal needed
Why are we
not perfect at
a new task?
Why are we
sloppy in our
efforts when
we are bored?
How does
stress
influence our
abilities?
We are not idle even
when homeostasis level
is perfect
-Incentive theory – attraction to
particular goals or objects
motivates much of our behavior ( a
drive is a “push” an incentive is a
“pull”)
-Incentives – rewards or other stimuli which
motivate us to act
-Incentive values
-The strength of the pull an object has
 ___(Term #1)____
: strict punitive style of parenting
(The Science of Psychology, King, Laura, 2011)
: impose rules and expect obedience
(Psychology, Ninth Edition in Modules, Myers, David G., 2010)
: rigid and overcontrolling; expect and demand unquestioned
obedience
(Psychology Concepts and Application, Nevid, Jeffery S., 2010)
 ___(Term #2)____
: the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure
(The Science of Psychology, King, Laura, 2011)
: the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed
to
(Psychology, Ninth Edition in Modules, Myers, David G., 2010)
: the degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure
(Psychology Concepts and Application, Nevid, Jeffery S., 2010)
EXIT TICKET
MARCH 3, 2014
OTHER ELEMENTS OF MOTIVATION
Cognitive dissonance – when thoughts and behaviors are incongruent, a
state of tension: You do one thing but think another
Effort justification – we like objective more if we had to work harder for it
- Need for affiliation – need to be socially involved with others
- Need to achieve
- Sources of motivation
- Extrinsic – desire is for external rewards (money, praise)
- Intrinsic – effort is given just for personal satisfaction or pleasure
-Performance goals – achieving goal for extrinsic reasons
-Learning goals – satisfaction is in improving one’s own
knowledge or skills
EATING DISORDERS
THE REALITY OF THOSE WHO CANNOT ALWAYS CLEARLY SEE REALITY…
BIOLOGY OF HUNGER
- Set Point Theory (body is programmed for ideal weight)
- Environmental Factors (Media, life style choices ect…)
- Emotional factors (how food makes you feel)
- Stats
- 60% of adults are overweight
- Of those, 26% of adults are obese
EATING DISORDERS
THE REALITY OF THOSE WHO CANNOT ALWAYS CLEARLY SEE REALITY…
BIOLOGY OF HUNGER
What Makes Us Hungry?
Stomach contractions correspond to hunger pangs (Cannon and Washburn)
Individuals with stomach removed still experience hunger and also eat…so WHY?
Hypothalamus regulates hunger
- Lateral hypothalamus involved in “turning on” hunger
- - Ventromedial hypothalamus is the hunger “off-switch”
- Neuropeptide Y (chemical released by your brain) stimulates hunger, the
hypothalamus, and consumption of carbohydrates
- Leptin decreases hunger, reduces production of neuropeptide Y
EATING DISORDERS
THE REALITY OF THOSE WHO CANNOT ALWAYS CLEARLY SEE REALITY…
PERCEPTION OF HUNGER…AND BODY IMAGE
 Anorexia Nervosa
- Intense fear of becoming fat and have a distorted body image
- Serious medical complications
- Hair growth on body increased
- Bodily systems shut down…death
- Death rate 5-8% over 10 year time period
 Bulimia Nervosa
- Episodes of binge eating followed by purging
- Serious medical complications
- Rotting teeth
- Burning holes in esophagus (stomach acid more damaging than battery acid)
- Death
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
What happens to
the levels above, do
you think, if your
safety is violated?
At your age, which
level do you think
most struggle with?
At your age which
level do you think
most are at?
SelfActualization
Esteem
Achievement, respect,
approval
Love and
Belongingness
Safety
Safe and secure housing, protection
Physiological
Hunger, thirst, avoidance of pain, sexual gratification
What are Emotions
-Physiological: Bodily arousal – nervous system
-Cognitive: Subjective experience and evaluation (how you feel)
-Behavioral: What happens outwardly, facial expressions and body language
-Theories of Emotions: “Which comes first the Thought or the Feeling?”
- James-Lange theory: body reacts first and then emotions are experienced
-Cannon-Bard theory: bodily reactions and emotions happen simultaneously
-Schater and Singer Two-factor model
-We experience the stimulus and then label the emotion evoked
Love is both a motive and emotion
Commitment
Romantic love has a triangular model (Sternberg)
Intimacy – close attachment and sharing
Passion – strong sexual desire
Decision/commitment – awareness of love for
the other person and desires to preserve the
relationship
Different combinations create different types of
love
-Romantic love: intimacy and passion
-Consummate love: intimacy, passion and decision/commitment Passion
-Companionate love: intimacy and decision/commitment
Intimacy