Motivation and Emotion
 What Is Motivation?
 Hunger
 Sexual Motives
 Social Motives
 The What and Why of Emotions
 The Expression of Emotion
 Experiencing Emotion
What is Motivation?
 All of the processes that initiate, direct and
sustain behavior.
 Activation
 Persistence
 Intensity
 Intrinsic motivation
 Extrinsic motivation
 What are motives?
Theories of Motivation
 Instinct theory
 Drive Reduction Theory
 Arousal Theory
 Yerkes-Dodson law
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Equilibrium is
restored
Satisfaction of
Need
Food is eaten, thirst
is quenched
Drive is
reduced
Stage of
Physiological
Equilibrium
Drive
Reduction
Theory
Goal-Directed
Behavior
Action taken to
satisfy need
Equilibrium is
disturbed
Biological Need
Hunger, thirst,
sleep, oxygen,
elimination of waste
Gives rise
to drive
Drive
Motivates organism to engage in
goal-directed behavior
Internal state of
arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Challenging projects, innovation and
Selfactualization creativity, learning at a higher level
Selfesteem
Love
Safety and Security
Physical needs
Recognition of strength, prestige,
intelligence, status
Acceptance, membership, love,
affection
Physical and economic safety
and security, peace
Water, food, sleep, air,
clothing, exercise, sex
The Hunger Drive
 Primary Drive
 Internal cues





lateral hypothalamus (LH)
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
glucose
set point
metabolic rate
 External cues
Glucose, hormones, and hunger
Other
influences,
e.g., seeing
food
Long time
since last
meal
Declining
levels of
glucose and
other nutrients
in blood
Other
influences,
e.g., stomach
distension
Just
finished
meal
Increasing
levels of
glucose and
other nutrients
in blood
Hunger
Pancreas
secrete
more
glucagon
Satiety
Pancreas
secrete
more
glucagon
Glycogen and other stored
nutrients are converted to
glucose, raising blood
nutrient level
Excess glucose and other
nutrients in blood are
converted to fats and other
substances and stored in
body cells. Surge in blood
nutrients is dampened.
Energy stores are
developed for future needs.
Eating Disorders
 Anorexia nervosa
 Bulimia nervosa
 Overeating
 Compulsive Dieting
Thirst
 Extracellular Thirst
 Intracellular Thirst
The Sexual Response Cycle
 Excitement phase
 Plateau phase
 Orgasm
Sexual Orientation
 Heterosexual
 Homosexual
 Bisexual
 Asexual
low
heteroeroticism
high
low
homoeroticism
high
0
Sexual Orientation
Exclusively heterosexual behavior
Largely heterosexual, but incidental
homosexual behavior
1
Largely heterosexual, but more than
incidental homosexual behavior
2
Equal amounts of heterosexual and
homosexual behavior
3
Largely homosexual, but more than
incidental heterosexual behavior
4
Largely homosexual, but incidental
heterosexual behavior
5
Exclusively homosexual behavior
6
Heterosexual
Homosexual
Other Motives…
 Social motives
 Competence
 Achievement
 Recognition
 Power
 Authority
Components of Emotions
 Physical Component (feeling)
 Cognitive Component (thinking)
 Behavioral Component (doing)
Theories of Emotions
 James-Lange theory
 Cannon-Bard theory
 Schachter-Singer theory
 Lazarus theory
Facial-feedback hypothesis





Range of emotions
Facial expressions
Display rules
Facial feedback
Gender differences
Sternberg’s Theory
Non-love
Romantic
love
Infatuation
Compassionate
love
Passion
Commitment
Intimacy
Liking
Empty
love
Fatuous
love
Consummate
love