First, the rules of review…
THE AP WORLD HISTORY EXAM
Basics
Multiple Choice Section
• 70 Questions
• 55 Minutes
Essays (Free Response Questions)
• 3 Essays (DBQ, Continuity and Change Over Time, Comparative)
• 130 Minutes
• Part A begins with a mandatory 10-minute reading period for the
document-based question. Students should answer the documentbased question in approximately 40 minutes.
• In Part B students are asked to answer a question that deals with
continuity and change over time (covering at least one of the periods in
the concept outline). Students will have 40 minutes to answer this
question, 5 minutes of which should be spent planning and/or outlining
the answer.
• In Part C students are asked to answer a comparative question that will
focus on broad issues or themes in world history and deal with at least
two societies. Students will have 40 minutes to answer this question, 5
minutes of which should be spent planning and/or outlining the
answer.
On your map identify the following
areas
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Mesopotamia
Egyptian Empire
Indus River Valley
Shang Dynasty
Zhou Dynasty
Olmec
Chavin
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Persian Empire
Maurya
Gupta
Qin
Han
Greek City-States
Roman Empire
Time Periods I and II (8000BCE-600CE)
Create A Thesis
• Compare the development and interactions
of Bronze Age river valley civilizations with
those of Classical Period empires in terms of
government, economics, and society from the
period 2000 BCE to 600 CE.
• Keep this question in mind as we speedily go
through the River Valley Civilizations & The
Classical Period Empire!!!
River Valley Civs
• Mesopotamia
– Tigris, Euphrates =
Fertile Crescent
– Sumer, Babylon
– Unpredictable
flooding
– Open geography
Walk Like an Egyptian
Rich soil, gentle flooding
•3 Kingdoms
•water management, pyramids,
astronomy, hieroglyphs, calendar,
gold, spices
•Polytheistic
•Women ruler = Hatshepsut, buy,
sell property, inherit, will property,
dissolve marriages, still
subservient to men
• Hierarchy: pharaoh, priest,
nobles, merchants, artisans,
peasants, slaves
Indus Valley: 2500-1500 BCE
• Connected with Mespotamia via trade
• Harrappa, Mohenjo-Daro 100,000+ each
• Master-planned, water system, strong central
gov’t, polytheistic, written language (can’t
read it)
• Pottery, cotton, cloth
• Cities abandoned, reason unknown
• Aryans arrive 1700 BCE
Shang: 1600-1100 BCE
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N. China, walled cities, strong army, chariots
Emperor & centralized gov’t
Bronze = power
Patriarchal, ancestors as advocates w/the gods
Character writing; ancestor veneration, Oracle
bones
It’s Zhou Time
• Replaced Shang around 1100 BCE
• Ruled 900 years, kept customs, traditions of
Shang
• Developed political ideology of Mandate of
Heaven
• Feudal system, nobles gained power, war
amongst feudal kingdoms, collapse 256 BCE
• Led to the Warring States Period
Persian Empire
The 1st Empire
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Classical
Empires
Multi-cultural Empire, Tolerance
Run by local governors (satraps/satrapies)
By 500 BCE Nile to Turkey/Greece to Afghanistan
Great Royal Road, 1700 miles
Zoroastrian – links to monotheistic religions (judgment
day, God v. Satan set up)
• Smaller Civs co-existed
– Lydians-coined money
– Phoenicians-22-letter alphabet, naval power
– Hebrews-Judaism, monotheism
Mauryan Empire
• Founded by Chandragupta Maurya
– Unified smaller Hindu kingdoms
• Greatest extent under Ashoka who sponsored
BUDDHISM
• Big time traders: silk, cotton, elephants to
move to the west
• Strong military
• Ashoka’s Rock & Pillar edicts, Buddhism
spread
Rise of Gupta
• Ashoka dies 232 BCE, Mauryan’s rapidly decline
• 400s to 600 CE, revival of empire but REASSERTED
HINDUISM as primary religion
• Smaller, more decentralized: Golden Age of culture &
learning
• Arts & Sciences; pi, zero
• Hinduism resurgent – spreads to S.E. Asia
• Women lost rights b/c of shift away from Buddhism;
child marriages common & Sati (widow-burning)
encouraged
• Collapsed 600 CE (White Huns)
Q’in Ups in China 221-209 BCE
• strong agri-econ, strong army, iron,
expansion…only lasted 15 years
• Stuff to know:
– GREAT WALL
– Strong centralized, brutal gov’t
– Qin Shihuangdi emperor
– Unified kingdom, standardized weights,
measures, laws, written lang, patriarchal
– Legalism
– Peasant rebellion brings down 209 BCE
Han Dynasty 200 BCE-200 CE
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Strength decreases power of pastoralists to interfere
Expanded into Central Asia
Silk Road to the Mediterranean
Buddhism spread at END of Empire
Civil Service system, bureaucracies, resulting in stable
gov’t.
• sundials, calendars, metallurgy
• Confucianism = social hierarchy
• Mandate of Heaven
• Yellow Turban Rebellion of
peasants at end & Wang Mang’s Reforms indicate
weakness at end
It’s Greek to me!
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Impact of geography =
Trade, not agriculture
Est. colonies
Government in a new fashion!
• Polis- City-states
• UNIFED CULTURAL identity,
culture in each but politically
DISUNIFIED
• Athens
– Political, commercial, cultural
center
• Sparta
– militaristic, equality w/o
individuality
Hierarchy
• Citizens-adult males w/ property born in Athens
• Free people w/ no political rights
• Non-citizens (included slaves 1/3 of the Athenian
pop!)
• All citizens expected to participate in public life
• Was it a true democracy?
Religion
• Polytheistic
• Had human failings: got drunk, cheated on
spouses, jealous, angry, took sides, etc.
• Greek mythology remains a large part of
Western heritage and language
War with Persia
• Persia invades Greece twice. Despite great
odds, Greece survives.
• Persia Stated: “No biggie”
• Greece controls Aegean
• Period of peace and prosperity
Golden Age
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Athenian culture excels
Democracy for all adult males (citizens)
Delian League-city-state alliance
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
– Truth through rational thought and observation
• Math, Science, Architecture, Literature
Super-power, super mistake
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Athens dominated the Delian League
Peloponnesian War with Sparta (431 BCE)
Weakened, Macedonian conquest
Philip encouraged Greek culture
Followed by son, Alexander, unified Greece,
invaded Persia
Live fast, die young…
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Alexander conquered Persia
Pushed to Egypt
Did not conquer India
Empire divided into three:
– Antigonid (Greece/Macedonia)
– Ptolemaic (Egypt),
– Seleucid (Bactria/Anatolia)
Hellenistic Era
• Greek Culture and ideas flourished and spread
• Alexandria (Egypt) became wealthy, center for
learning
• After death (323 BCE), empire crumbled
• Macedonian focus on the east and Egypt left
the door open for…
The Romans: 509 BCE-476 CE
Rome
• Good Geographic position
– Protected by mtns in north
– Peninsula
– Cross-roads in the Mediterranean
• Polytheistic, borrowed many Greek gods,
mythology still evident in West
Social-Political Structure
• Patricians (nobles)
– Senate, Assembly
• Plebians
– Non-aristocrats
• Representative (as opposed to Direct in Greece)
• 12 Tables = importance of Laws (innocent until
proven guilty)
• Patriarchal/Paterfamilias
• Women influential in family, own property, still
considered inferior
• Slaves (up to 1/3) of Italy’s population
Military Domination
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All Directions, all the time
Punic Wars 264-146 BCE (Rome vs. Carthage)
Gained control of W. Med
Defeated Macedonians
Gaul
Spain
Road net, navy, aqueducts
Cultural diffusion
Republic, no - Imperialism, yes
• Increased slavery, displaced plebians, inflation=
social unrest
• Senate weakened, Triumvirate, J. Caesar, Pompey,
Crassus = Civil War
• Caesar assassinated 44 BCE
• 2nd Triumvirate, civil war (Octavian, Mark Antony,
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus)
• Octavian, I have a baby attached to my Leg Augustus
= Caesar (1st emperor)
• Imperial Rome
• Pax Romana
Peace and Prosperity
• Rome, capital of western world
• Military expansion
• Rule of law, common coinage. Civil service,
secure travel for merchants
• 200 years of stability
• Uniform laws, but traditional cultures in
territories survived ie Egyptians, Hebrews
• Growth of arts and sciences
A New Religion
• Christianity competes with polytheism
• Christians persecuted
• Conversion of Constantine ended persecution
312 CE
• Edict of Milan-Christianity official religion of
Rome
Time Periods I and II (8000BCE-600CE)
Create A Thesis
• Compare the development and interactions
of Bronze Age river valley civilizations with
those of Classical Period empires in terms of
government, economics, and society from the
period 2000 BCE to 600 CE.
Time Periods I and II (8000BCE-600CE)
Create A Thesis
• Compare the development and interactions
of Bronze Age river valley civilizations with
those of Classical Period empires in terms of
government, economics, and society from the
period 2000 BCE to 600 CE.
• The period between 2000BCE and 600 CE is marked
by the growth of increasingly complex and diverse
human societies as more and more humans began
abandoning pastoral and nomadic lifestyles to take
up farming in sedentary villages and as these villages
expanded to encompass their neighbors, eventually
creating empires. The development and interactions
of early civilizations and later empires included
increasing centralization of government and an
expansion of the distance and amount of trade
within economies as river valley civilizations
expanded to become the empires of the Iron Age,
while both systems relied heavily on inequality in
the social hierarchy to retain order.