Period 3
1754-1800
Key Concept 3.1 “Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for
North America led to new conflicts among the British government, the
North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the
creation of a new nation, the United States.”
• French and Indian War 1754-1763
• Causes:
• American expansion into Ohio R. Valley= conflicts with natives
and French
• Iroquois ally with British
• FR determined to protect against BR intrusion with a line of forts
Attempts at Colonial Unity
• Albany Congress
• Reps from 7 of 13 colonies
• Goals- colonial unity; keep natives on side
• Albany Plan of Union
• Benjamin Franklin
French and Indian War
• Effects:
French and Indian War
• Effects:
• Debt= ending salutary neglect= more taxes (colonists need to pay
for own defense)
• Tightened market control, taxes, government
• Colonial Resistance
• Stamp Act Congress- response to Stamp Act; tarred and feathered tax
collectors
• Committees of Correspondence- Spread information and propaganda
about BR policies
• Increase in colonial confidence
• Shattered myth of BR invincibility
French and Indian War
• Natives
• Lost trading partner in FR
• BR colonists expanded onto Native land
• Pontiac’s Rebellion= Proclamation of 1763
French and Indian War
• Pontiac’s Rebellion
• Chief Pontiac led several tribes against colonists in Ohio
• Proclamation of 1763
• No settlement past the
Appalachian Mtns.
• To prevent further conflict
with natives
• Colonists upset and ignore
“In the late 18th century, new experiments with democratic
ideas and republican forms of government, as well as other
new religious, economic, and cultural ideas, challenged
traditional imperial systems across the Atlantic World.”
• Protestant Evangelical Religious Fervor= The Great
Awakening
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New American identity
“New Lights” and “Old Lights”
Jonathan Edwards “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
George Whitefield
New Thought Challenges to
Old World Traditions
• Thomas Paine- Common Sense
• Absurdity of little island controlling huge continent
• Enlightenment
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Challenged traditional authority
Legal and political equality
End of special privileges for elites
John Locke- defended displacement of ruler who did not protect
citizen's liberties
• History of self-governing
Revolution
• Declaration of Independence
• Enlightenment ideas
• List grievances, justify type of gov’t, declare independence
• Independence
• Rights of British subjects- reject “Virtual representation”
• Rights of individuals
• Enlightenment thought- “Life, liberty, and property”
• Colonists win due to:
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Knowing the land
Military leadership
Commitment to cause
French aid
Articles of Confederation
• Weaknesses:
• Economy:
• Tariffs on differing states
• Each state could coin own $
• Fed. Gov’t had no power to tax
• Political:
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Unicameral Congress
No executive
No nat’l army or navy
No judicial
Weak trading systems w/ other nations
• Shay’s Rebellion-MA farmers demanded debt relief, attacked
court houses= realize need for stronger nat’l gov’t
Constitution
• Great Compromise
• Combined VA and NJ plan
• Bicameral legislature – House of Reps based on pop.; Senate equal rep.
• 3/5 Compromise
• Slave would count as 3/5 person in state pop.
• In general ignored slavery (too divisive of an issue)
• Federalism- division of power between state and federal gov’t
• Debates over Constitution
• Federalists (pro-Const.) / Anti-federalists (anti-Const.)
• Main issue- no Bill of Rights
• Federalists promised to add (1st 10 amendments)
Political Parties
• Central government
• Federalists-strong central gov’t
• Democratic-Republicans- weak central gov’t, more states’ power
• VA and KY Resolutions- belief that states could nullify federal laws
• Economics
• Federalists- Bank of US (not in Constitution)
• Alexander Hamilton argued necessary and Proper “Elastic Clause”
(Loose Interpretation)
• Anti-Feds
• Strict interpretation- if not allowed in Const. then forbidden; if forbidden
at national level then passes down to state
• Foreign affairs
• Feds favor BR
• DemReps favor FR
“Ideals of liberty reverberated
around the world…”
• Abolition
• Quakers- Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Law
• Northwest Territory
• Women’s rights
• Abigail Adams “Remember the ladies…”
• Inspired revolutions
• French Revolution 1789
• Haiti- Toussaint L’Ouverture
“Migration within North America, cooperative interaction, and
competition for resources raised questions about boundaries and policies,
intensified conflicts among peoples and nations, and led to contests over
the creation of a multiethnic, multiracial national identity.”
• Westward Migrations and conflicts
• Paxton Boys- Scot-Irish group angry about Penn’s Indian policy
being too lenient; murdered 20 Indians; marched to Philly
Backcountry cultures
• Scots-Irish- frontier; displaced Indians
• Shay’s Rebellion- farmers demanded debt relief
• Tensions b/w poor backcountry and wealthy coastal
U.S. Encouraged Westward
Migrations
• Northwest Land Ordinance•
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Process to admit new states
Guaranteed freedom of religion and trial by jury
Slavery forbidden
Under Articles of Confed.
• Did not recognize Indians as a foreign nation
Republican Motherhood
• Duty of mothers to raise good citizens of the
republic
• Women have key role in society teaching values and
citizenship
• Women gain more access to educaiton
Important Documents form
Period 3
“The Bloody Massacre in King Street,
March 5 1770”
Paul Revere
Shape public opinion- war propaganda
• BR lined up in formal formation
• BR faces sharp and angular
• Sky seems to shed light on BR
atrocity
• Crispus Attucks in lower left corner
• Distressed woman in crowd
Important documents from
period 3
• Phyllis Wheatly’s poem on
tyranny
• Sold into slavery as a child
• Wrote comparing colonies’
relationship with England to
that of slavery
Important documents from
period 3
• George Washington’s Farewell Address
• Warned of foreign alliances
• Warned against political parties